The association between Type D personality and the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in a University-based outpatient lipid clinic

Table 1 Demographic, clinical/laboratory and psychological features of 359 attenders of an outpatient lipid clinic by metabolic syndrome case status.

	Cases of Metabolic Syndrome (N = 206) Mean (SD/Range) OR N (%)	Control Group (N = 153) Mean (SD/Range) OR N (%)
Age, years	58 (11)	50 (12)**
Male, N (%)	93 (45)	81 (53)
Current smokers, N (%)	43 (21)	39 (26)
BMI, kg/m²	30 (6)	26 (4)**
Systolic BP, mm Hg	140 (15)	125 (14)**
Diastolic BP, mm Hg	86 (9)	80 (9)**
Waist circumference, cm	104 (10)	93 (11)**
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL	107 (17)	93 (11)**
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	235 (51)	207 (40)**
TG, mg/dL	189 (45-934)	122 (34-389)**
HDL-C, mg/dL	49 (13)	52 (14)*
LDL-C, mg/dL	148 (47)	130 (37)**
Psychological Variables
*Type D* personality, N (%)	90 (44)	23 (15)**
Social inhibition criteria, N (%)	124 (60)	49 (32)**
Negative affectivity criteria, N (%)	123 (60)	41 (27)**
*Depressive symptoms above the cut-off*, N (%)	67 (33)	22 (14)**
*Anxiety symptoms above the cut-off*, N (%)	60 (29)	27 (18)*

-Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; *p < 0.01 for the comparison between groups, **p < 0.001 for the comparison between groups; Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation) [except TG - median (range)] for continuous variables and number (percentage) for categorical variables.

ISSN: 1756-0500