A comparative analysis of pollinator type and pollen ornamentation in the Araceae and the Arecaceae, two unrelated families of the monocots

Table 2 Comparative analyses performed using Discrete.

Family	Polymorphic species	Type of test	\|LR\|	df	P
Araceae	Removed	• Omnibus test (P/V correlated with B)	12.80	4	< 0.05
		○ Contingent change test:
		P/V → B	2.90	1	NS
		B → P/V	0.77	1	NS
		◊ Temporal order test	1.78	1	NS
		• Omnibus test (E correlated with F)	15.34	4	< 0.01
		○ Contingent change test:
		E → F	0	1	NS
		F → E	0.28	1	NS
		◊ Temporal order test	0.33	1	NS
	Duplicated	• Omnibus test (P/V correlated with B)	0.86	4	NS
		• Omnibus test (E correlated with F)	0.29	4	NS
Arecaceae	Duplicated	• Omnibus test (P/V correlated with B)	2.61	4	NS
		• Omnibus test (E correlated with F)	0.3	4	NS

List of the different tests performed in Araceae and Arecaceae depending on the phylogeny used (polymorphic species removed or duplicated). LR = likelihood ratio. P/V: Psilate/Verrucate ornamentation; E: Echinulate ornamentation; B: Beetle-pollination; F: Fly-pollination.
Note: arrows in contingency tests mean that the changes in one variable are contingent on one state in the other variable; for example, P/V → B means that changes from 'Other' to 'Beetle' pollination are more likely to occur when the ornamentation is 'Psilate/Verrucate'. Omnibus tests analyze the correlation between two binary discrete characters. Contingent tests analyze whether a state of one trait favours the evolution in the second trait. Temporal order tests analyze whether the change in one trait occurred significantly before the change in the other trait. The results are summarized in the flow diagrams (Figure 5).

ISSN: 1756-0500