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Table 5 Regressions of respondent characteristic variables including states assessing discriminant validity on quality of life domains

From: Development, reliability and validity of the Chichewa WHOQOL-BREF in adults in lilongwe, Malawi

a) Univariate Regressions

Physical domain (0–100 scale)

Psychological domain (0–100 scale)

Social domain (0–100 scale)

Environmental domain (0–100)

Overall domain (q1; 1–5 scale)

Health domain (q2; 1–5 scale)

(separate regr. for each variable)

  

95%CI

  

95%CI

  

95%CI

  

95%CI

  

95%CI

  

95%CI

Independent variable

Coef.

p > |t|

lower

upper

Coef.

p > |t|

lower

upper

Coef.

p > |t|

lower

upper

Coef.

p > |t|

lower

upper

Coef.

p > |t|

lower

upper

Coef.

p > |t|

lower

upper

Category: Reference = Sick(KCH)

                        

Healthy (KCH)

1.2

0.763

−6.7

−9.1

−6.3

0.038

−12.4

−0.3

2.1

0.568

−9.4

5.2

−4.9

0.157

−11.7

1.9

−0.33

0.105

−0.73

0.07

0.47

0.018

0.08

0.86

Healthy (village)

9.0

0.032

0.8

17.2

1.2

0.701

−5.0

−7.4

3.1

0.425

−4.5

10.6

−3.2

0.374

−10.3

3.9

−0.22

0.302

−0.63

0.20

0.29

0.160

−0.12

0.69

Gender: Reference = male

                        

female

−2.7

0.237

−7.2

1.8

−1.9

0.270

−5.3

1.5

2.5

0.231

−1.6

6.6

0.7

0.720

−3.2

4.6

0.03

0.781

−0.20

0.26

0.11

0.328

−0.11

0.33

Education: Reference = None

                        

Primary

3.4

0.467

−5.9

12.8

0.8

0.831

−6.4

8.0

1.8

0.694

−7.2

10.9

−1.0

0.817

−9.3

7.3

0.19

0.450

−0.30

0.67

0.33

0.179

−0.15

0.82

Secondary

12.6

0.007

3.5

21.7

7.2

0.440

0.2

14.2

1.8

0.681

−7.0

10.7

3.8

0.357

−4.3

11.9

0.34

0.159

−0.13

0.82

0.42

0.081

−0.05

0.90

Tertiary

21.6*

2E-05*

11.7*

31.6*

13.4*

6E-04*

5.8*

21.1*

6.6

0.177

−3.0

16.3

9.9

0.029

1.0

18.7

0.82

0.002

0.30

1.34

0.59

0.027

0.07

1.10

Marital Status: Reference = Married

                        

Single

6.8

0.010

1.6

12.0

7.3*

4E-04*

3.3*

11.3*

−0.4

0.885

−5.4

4.6

6.9

0.003

2.3

11.6

0.27

0.057

−0.01

0.54

0.12

0.399

−0.15

0.38

Living as Married

20.1

0.003

6.8

33.4

15.2

0.004

5.0

25.5

11.6

0.075

−1.2

24.3

15.9

0.008

4.1

27.6

0.30

0.399

−0.40

1.00

0.73

0.036

0.05

1.42

Separated

−16.0

0.432

−16.0

6.8

−4.7

0.293

−13.5

4.1

−6.7

0.230

−17.7

4.3

0.4

0.943

−9.7

10.5

−0.30

0.325

−0.90

0.30

−0.48

0.107

−1.07

0.10

Divorced

−1.0

0.858

−11.5

9.6

1.3

0.750

−6.8

9.5

2.4

0.648

−7.8

12.5

3.3

0.488

−6.0

12.6

0.12

0.678

−0.44

0.67

0.07

0.802

−0.47

0.61

Widowed

−15.0*

1E-04*

−22.6*

−7.4*

−3.8

0.206

−9.6

2.1

−2.2

0.553

−9.5

5.1

−1.2

0.725

−7.9

5.5

−0.06

0.783

−0.46

0.34

−0.28

0.157

−0.67

0.11

Ill: Reference category = not ill

−4.9

0.103

−10.9

1.0

2.7

0.238

−1.8

7.2

−0.4

0.893

−5.8

5.1

4.1

0.116

−1.0

9.2

0.28

0.071

−0.02

0.58

−0.38

0.010

−0.68

−0.09

Age (years)

−0.44*

4E-08*

−0.59*

−0.29*

−0.17

0.007

−0.29

−0.46

−0.02

0.745

−0.17

0.12

−0.129

0.064

−0.266

0.008

−0.003

0.460

−0.011

0.005

−0.017*

2E-05*

−0.025*

−0.009*

Age 2

−0.0053

5E-09

−0.0070

−0.0036

−0.0017

0.015

−0.0031

−0.0033

−8E-05

0.927

−0.002

0.002

−0.001

0.092

−0.003

0.0002

−1E-05

0.803

0.000

−8E-05

−0.0002*

3E-05*

−0.0003*

−0.0001*

q1 (overall QoL, per 1 on 1–5 scale)

6.4*

6E-09*

4.3*

8.5*

8.7*

0*

7.3*

10.1*

6.8*

0*

4.9*

8.7*

11.1*

0*

9.6*

12.6*

    

0.41*

0*

0.31*

0.51*

q2 (overall health, per 1 on 1–5 scale)

7.2*

1E-10*

5.0*

9.3*

4.2*

1E-06*

2.6*

5.9*

4.1*

1E-04*

2.0*

6.1*

4.4*

7E-06*

2.5*

6.3*

0.43*

0*

0.32*

0.53*

    

q26 (Depression, per 1 on 1–5 scale)

8.0*

0*

5.8*

10.3*

10.5*

0*

9.1*

11.9*

8.7*

0

6.7*

10.7*

10.0*

0*

8.3*

11.8*

0.47*

0*

0.37*

0.58*

0.27*

6E-06*

0.16*

0.39*

Disability weight of illness (0–1 scale)

−23.3

0.005

−39.4

−7.1

3.7

0.536

−8.1

15.6

4.0

0.564

−9.7

17.7

8.7

0.18

−4.0

21.5

0.4

0.304

−0.4

1.2

−0.8

0.042

−1.5

0.0

b) Multivariate Restricted models a

                        

Category: Reference = Sick(KCH)

                        

Healthy (KCH)

    

−6.0

0.043

−11.7

0.2

                

Healthy (village)

    

2.0

0.512

−3.9

7.9

no variables significantly associated with social relationships domain

            

Gender: Reference = male

                    

female

                    

Education: Reference = None

                    

Primary

0.2

0.966

−9.0

9.4

0.8

0.819

−6.3

7.9

    

0.33

0.182

−0.16

0.82

    

Secondary

5.0

0.297

−4.4

14.4

4.9

0.171

−2.1

12.0

    

0.53

0.038

0.03

1.04

    

Tertiary

14.6

0.005

4.4

24.8

11.2

0.005

3.4

18.9

    

1.03*

2E-04*

0.48*

1.57*

    

Marital Status: Reference = Married

                    

Single

0.9

0.746

−4.5

6.3

4.8

0.022

0.7

8.9

6.9

0.003

2.3

11.6

        

Living as Married

17.0

0.010

4.0

29.9

14.3

0.006

4.1

24.4

15.9

0.008

4.1

27.6

        

Separated

−5.6

0.313

−16.5

5.3

−5.5

0.209

−14.0

3.1

    

0.4

0.943

−9.7

10.5

        

Divorced

−2.5

0.629

−12.7

7.7

−0.7

0.855

−8.7

7.2

    

3.3

0.488

−6.0

12.6

        

Widowed

−8.0

0.053

−16.1

0.1

−2.5

0.399

−8.3

3.3

    

−1.2

0.725

−7.9

5.5

        

Ill: Reference category = not ill

                        

Age (years)

                

−0.068

0.002

−0.111

−0.025

−0.017*

2E-05*

−0.025*

−0.009*

Age 2

−0.0027

0.012

−0.0049

−0.0006

            

0.001

0.001

0.000

0.001

    

R 2

  

0.196

   

0.150

   

0.018

   

0.049

   

0.088

   

0.057

 

c) Variables added to multivariate restricted models b

                        

q1 (overall QoL, per 1 on 1–5 scale)

3.6*

0.001*

1.4*

5.8*

7.7*

0*

6.2*

9.2*

6.2*

1E-08*

4.1*

8.3*

11.1*

0

9.5*

12.7*

    

0.4*

0*

0.3*

0.5*

q2 (overall health, per 1 on 1–5 scale)

4.0*

5E-04*

1.8*

6.2*

0.3

0.660

−1.2

1.9

1.4

0.190

−0.7

3.5

−0.7

0.409

−2.3

0.9

0.43*

0*

0.33*

0.53*

    

q26 (Depression, per 1 on 1–5 scale)

6.1*

9E-08*

3.9*

8.3*

9.6*

0*

8.2*

11.1*

as univariate above

9.8*

0*

7.9*

11.5*

0.45*

0*

0.34*

0.56*

0.24*

5E-05*

0.12*

0.35*

Disability weight of illness (0–1 scale)

−17.5

0.026

−33.0

−2.1

4.4

0.479

−7.8

16.6

as univariate above

9.4

0.142

−3.2

22.1

0.26

0.513

−0.51

1.02

−0.56

0.134

−1.30

0.17

  1. p  <  0.05  p < 0.01  * p < 0.001 . E=exponent (base 10) e.g. 2E-06 = 2 x 10-6.
  2. a Restricted model after starting with all socio-demographic variables and removing those p > 0.1 significant.
  3. b q1 and q2 added together; other coefficients not shown (but generally not qualitatively different from section b above after section c variables added).