Table 4 Overview of genes belonging to selected signaling pathways (FGF, TGFβ/BMP, Wnt, Hedgehog, Retinoic acid, Notch) or to the homeobox gene superfamily, showing differential expression in mandibular (inferior) versus maxillary (superior) molars

FGF: lower molars

Fgfr4 (2.58); Fgf16 (1.86)

2

0

0

2

2

TGFβ: lower molars

Amhr2 (1.68); Acvr2b (1.26)

2

0

1

1

2

TGFβ: upper molars

Smad9 (-1.53)

1

0

0

1

1

Wnt: lower molars

Camk2a (1.83); Fzd8 (1.67); Wnt9b (1.55); Camk2b (1.50); Wnt11 (1.39); Plcb2(1.39); Fzd5 (1.29); Cer1 (1.26)

8

0

0

8

8

Wnt: upper molars

Vangl1 (-1.22)

1

0

0

1

1

Hedgehog: upper molars

Gli1 (-1.34)

1

1

0

0

0

Retinoic acid: lower molars

Rorb (2.09); Rbp2 (1.59); Crabp2 (1.58); Polr2l (1.37);Rdh8 (1.27)

5

0

0

5

5

Retinoic acid: upper molars

Cyp26c1 (-5.04); Aldh1a1 (-1.98); Dhrs3 (-1.51)

3

0

1

2

3

Notch: lower molars

Dtx4 (1.81); Dll1 (1.41); Rfng (1.31); Dll3 (1.36)

4

0

0

4

4

Homeobox genes: lower molars

Nkx2-3 (3.97). Dlx6 (2.76); Pitx1 (2.18) ; Gsc (2.21); Barx2 (2.01); Hoxa7 (1.91); Lhx9 (1.86); Rhox11 (1.82); Hoxb7 (1.78); Vsx1 (1.69); Phox2b (1.68); Hoxa6 (1.67); Rhox4f (1.65); Nkx6-1 (1.62); Hoxb9 (1.57); Hoxa10 (1.55); Tgif2 (1.53); Lhx1 (1.48); Hmx1 (1.47); Hoxa3 (1.47); Hoxb2 (1.46); Hoxc12 (1.43); Prox2 (1.43); Msx3 (1.43); Gsx1 (1.42); Mixl1 (1.40); Nkx2-1 (1.40); Hoxd8 (1.39); Gbx1 (1.38); Hmx2 (1.36); Lmx1a (1.34); Rhoxa2 (1.23)

32

3

2

27

29

Homeobox genes: upper molars

Alx1 (-2.85); Lhx8 (-1.48); Dlx1 (-1.36)

3

1

1

1

2

Total

62

4

5

53

58