Table 1 Reasons used to classify retractions: proposed definitions
From: Visibility of retractions: a cross-sectional one-year study
Fraud | Falsified data, fabricated data |
Inconsistent data | Confirmed doubt over data raised by others |
Mistakes | Mistakes concerning data found in the paper raised by the author(s) |
Plagiarism | Publication of data or text already published by others |
Overlap | Multiple publication of same data or self-plagiarism |
Property or legal concerns | Publication of elements without obtaining permission |
Ethics | Concerns on the ethical validation of the research |
Authorship | Disputed authorship |
Editor | Production or administrative error |