Table 1 Characteristics of subjects

Age (years old)

56.2 ± 11.8

56.0 ± 11.9

55.6 ± 11.7

Waist circumference (cm)

83.3 ± 8.7

84.7 ± 8.3

81.0 ± 8.9

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.7 ± 3.2

23.2 ± 3.0

21.9 ± 3.3

SBP (mmHg)

124.1 ± 15.1

125.6 ± 14.8

121.6 ± 15.5

DBP (mmHg)

76.3 ± 9.5

77.7 ± 9.4

73.8 ± 9.0

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

0.76 ± 0.22

0.84 ± 0.24

0.62 ± 0.10

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.5 ± 1.4

6.0 ± 1.3

4.5 ± 1.0

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

95.8 ± 17.9

98.1 ± 19.5

91.7 ± 13.6

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

118.5 ± 26.9

118.5 ± 27.0

118.4 ± 26.7

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

58.5 ± 13.8

55.6 ± 13.1

63.8 ± 13.5

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

107.8 ± 71.4

119.9 ± 80.7

86.2 ± 43.4

Urinary albumin (mg/g Cr)

3.89 ± 2.02

3.84 ± 2.13

3.94 ± 1.81

Estimated salt intake (g/day)

10.9 ± 3.4

12.3 ± 3.1

8.3 ± 2.1

Current smoking (n [%])

1692 [21.2%]

1547 [30.4%]

145 [5.1%]

ECG voltage^a (mV)

2.21 ± 0.93

2.33 ± 0.97

2.00 ± 0.82