Table 2 The association between various symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus and the presence of antibodies against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in serum
Symptoms | Patients (N = 39) | GnRH IgM −/+ | GnRH IgG −/+ |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | OR, 95% CI | OR, 95% CI | |
Loss of appetite | |||
No (reference) | 31 (80) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 8 (20) | 4.792 (0.928–24.750) | 0.743 (0.074–7.436) |
Swallowing disturbances | |||
No (reference) | 32 (82) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 7 (18) | 0.764 (0.127–4.596) | 0.900 (0.088–9.178) |
Meal-related cough | |||
No (reference) | 33 (85) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 6 (15) | 1.000 (0.158–6.330) | 3.625 (0.494–26.611) |
Early satiety | |||
No (reference) | 24 (62) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 15 (38) | 0.606 (0.148–2.486) | 0.769 (0.123–4.821) |
Nausea | |||
No (reference) | 28 (72) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 11 (28) | 0.343 (0.062–1.898) | 0.460 (0.047–4.460) |
Abdominal fullness | |||
No (reference) | 23 (59) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 16 (41) | 0.300 (0.067–1.347) | 0.240 (0.025–2.286) |
Bloating | |||
No (reference) | 19 (49) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 20 (51) | 0.278 (0.067–1.147) | 0.941 (0.165–5.361) |
Regurgitation | |||
No (reference) | 27 (69) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 12 (31) | 0.114 (0.013–1.009) | 2.667 (0.452–15.722) |
Constipation | |||
No (reference) | 28 (72) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 11 (28) | 0.675 (0.145–3.135) | 0.460 (0.047–4.460) |
Diarrhea | |||
No (reference) | 33 (85) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 6 (15) | 1.000 (0.158–6.330) | 1.120 (0.107–11.726) |
Symptomatic postprandial hypoglycemia | |||
No (reference) | 30 (77) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 9 (23) | 0.764 (0.127–4.596) | 0.900 (0.088–9.178) |
Postprandial perspiration | |||
No (reference) | 34 (87) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 5 (13) | 1.394 (0.203–9.585) | 1.450 (0.133–15.793) |