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Table 2 Comparison of the neuropsychological performances of MCI patients with vitamin B12 deficiency with the performances of MCI patients with normal vitamin B12 levels

From: Do MCI patients with vitamin B12 deficiency have distinctive cognitive deficits?

Cognitive domain

MCI vitamin B12 deficiency (n=15)

MCI normal vitamin B12 (n=45)

p– value

Neuropsychological tests

# mean ± SD

# mean ± SD

Attention and executive functions

   

 Cancellation task

−0.004±0.98

0.07±0.97

0.90

 Digit span backward

0.78±1.07

0.24±0.72

0.13

 Clock draw

0.80±0.71

0.59±0.89

0.84

Initiative

   

 Verbal semantic fluency

−0.22±1.40

−0.55±1.40

0.30

 Motor initiative

0.59±0.57

0.12±1.40

0.51

 Graphomotor initiative

0.24±0.50

0.10±0.71

0.58

Conceptual thinking

   

 Raven progressive matrices

−0.08±0.90

0.10±0.97

0.62

 Interpretation of proverbs

1.03±0.68

0.36±1.00

0.09

Calculation

   

 Basic written calculation

−0.18±0.78

−0.16±1.08

0.62

Language

   

 Token test

0.24±1.05

−0.12±1.51

0.74

Orientation

   

 Personal, spatial and temporal

−1.99±2.76

−1.67±2.29

0.88

Immediate memory

   

 Digit span forward

0.87±1.52

0.64±1.34

0.71

Episodic memory and associative learning

   

 Verbal paired-associate learning

−0.70±1.23

−1.42±0.65

0.11

Logical Memory (LM; immediate recall)

−1.37±1.43

−1.64±0.93

0.46

Word recall

−0.89±1.11

−1.30±1.24

0.45

Forgetting index

−1.26±0.97

−0.67±2.34

0.55

  1. # z scores are shown; data are standardized according to the age and education norms from the Portuguese population.
  2. Forgetting Index = [(LM delayed recall – LM immediate) / LM immediate)]*100.
  3. Mann–Whitney test.