From: Do MCI patients with vitamin B12 deficiency have distinctive cognitive deficits?
Cognitive domain | MCI vitamin B12 deficiency (n=15) | MCI normal vitamin B12 (n=45) | p– value‡ |
---|---|---|---|
Neuropsychological tests | # mean ± SD | # mean ± SD | |
Attention and executive functions | |||
Cancellation task | −0.004±0.98 | 0.07±0.97 | 0.90 |
Digit span backward | 0.78±1.07 | 0.24±0.72 | 0.13 |
Clock draw | 0.80±0.71 | 0.59±0.89 | 0.84 |
Initiative | |||
Verbal semantic fluency | −0.22±1.40 | −0.55±1.40 | 0.30 |
Motor initiative | 0.59±0.57 | 0.12±1.40 | 0.51 |
Graphomotor initiative | 0.24±0.50 | 0.10±0.71 | 0.58 |
Conceptual thinking | |||
Raven progressive matrices | −0.08±0.90 | 0.10±0.97 | 0.62 |
Interpretation of proverbs | 1.03±0.68 | 0.36±1.00 | 0.09 |
Calculation | |||
Basic written calculation | −0.18±0.78 | −0.16±1.08 | 0.62 |
Language | |||
Token test | 0.24±1.05 | −0.12±1.51 | 0.74 |
Orientation | |||
Personal, spatial and temporal | −1.99±2.76 | −1.67±2.29 | 0.88 |
Immediate memory | |||
Digit span forward | 0.87±1.52 | 0.64±1.34 | 0.71 |
Episodic memory and associative learning | |||
Verbal paired-associate learning | −0.70±1.23 | −1.42±0.65 | 0.11 |
Logical Memory (LM; immediate recall) | −1.37±1.43 | −1.64±0.93 | 0.46 |
Word recall | −0.89±1.11 | −1.30±1.24 | 0.45 |
Forgetting index† | −1.26±0.97 | −0.67±2.34 | 0.55 |