Table 1 Direct and indirect costs of overweight and obesity
From: The direct and indirect costs of both overweight and obesity: a systematic review
Study | Costs included direct | Cost included indirect | Type of study | Results direct | Results indirect | Results total (€ 2009) | Percentage of results that are indirect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anis et al. 2010[32], Canada | Hospital inpatient and outpatient visits, physician services, drug costs, health research and other health care | Morbidity due to both long and short-term disability | Prevalence based PAF | CA$5.96 billion | CA$5 billion | $10.96 billion (€7.3 billion 2009) | 54% |
Konnopka et al. 2011[36], Germany | Inpatient and outpatient treatment, rehabilitation and non-medical costs (administration, research etc) | Sickness absence, early retirement and mortality using human capital approach | Prevalence based PAF | €4.854 billion (2.1% of total healthcare costs for 2002) | €5.019 billion | €9.873 billion (€11.01 billion 2009) | 51% |
Schmid et al. 2004[37], Switzerland | All healthcare costs for obesity and co-morbid conditions | Work absenteeism, early retirement and premature death relating to co-morbidities | Prevalence based PAF | N/A | N/A | CHF2.69 billion (€1.91 billion 2009) | N/A |
Finkelstein et al. 2010[35], US | All Medical costs | absenteeism and presenteeism | Cross-sectional | $30.3 billion | $42.8 billion | $73.1 billion (€51.92 billion 2009) | 59% |
Borg et al. 2005 [33], Sweden | Hospital inpatient costs only | Lost productivity due to increased mortality | Longitudinal cohort | SEK Billion: 2.17 | SEK Billion: 2.93 | SEK billion: 5.1 (€0.54 billion 2009) | 58% |