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Table 3 Mean values for anthropometric and physiological variables, before (T 0 ) and after (T 1 ) the training program in the low (N=6) and moderate (N=8) altitude study groups

From: Pilot study on the effects of a 2-week hiking vacation at moderate versus low altitude on plasma parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome

Variable

Low altitude

Moderate altitude

Altitude

Training

Altitude x Training

 

T 0

T 1

T 0

T 1

η 2 P

P

η 2 P

P

η 2 P

P

Body mass (kg)

88.6 ± 20.2

89.3 ± 18.4

91.8 ± 22.5

91.2 ± 22.7

0.004

0.829

0.000

0.966

0.130

0.206

BMI (kg/m2)

32.3 ± 4.2

32.6 ± 3.4

31.1 ± 5.3

30.9 ± 5.4

0.024

0.594

0.005

0.806

0.157

0.469

WC (cm)

110.2 ± 17.6

108.7 ± 16

109.2 ± 22

104.0 ± 18.4

0.013

0.701

0.159

0.158

0.077

0.338

Body fat (%)

37.8 ± 6.4

36.5 ± 8.2

37.5 ± 7.5

36.9 ± 7.0

0.000

0.990

0.158

0.160

0.021

0.621

Visceral fat (%)

16.0 ± 6.4

16.0 ± 6.3

12.2 ± 4.9

12.0 ± 5.1

0.120

0.226

0.058

0.408

0.058

0.408

Muscle mass (%)

26.7 ± 3.2

28.6 ± 5.3

27.5 ± 3.7

27.9 ± 3.6

0.000

0.974

0.190

0.119

0.100

0.271

Syst. BP (mmHg)

158.2 ± 21.8

143.7 ± 18.1

134.2 ± 20.9

138.1 ± 10.2

0.180

0.131

0.162

0.153

0.367

0.022

Diast. BP (mmHg)

88.7 ± 10.0

85.5 ± 8.1

85.9 ± 9.6

86.9 ± 6.8

0.002

0.865

0.019

0.640

0.066

0.375

Max. syst. BP (mmHg)

212.3 ± 25.9

187.5 ± 14.7

181.8 ± 33.4

184.3 ± 24.4

0.118

0.250

0.340

0.036

0.397

0.021

Resting HR (bpm)

68.2 ± 6.8

65.3 ± 7.9

75.8 ± 11.7

71.2 ± 10.9

0.148

0.174

0.146

0.177

0.009

0.750

Max. HR (bpm)

143.0 ± 15.2

144.7 ± 20.9

154.1 ± 22.6

148.9 ± 22.9

0.041

0.508

0.033

0.550

0.113

0.261

Age-adjust. max. CF (%)

92.2 ± 11.1

95.3 ± 14.2

90.3 ± 11.6

91.0 ± 9.7

0.021

0.633

0.140

0.207

0.061

0.415

Power (W=J/s)

133.3 ± 25.8

138.3 ± 36.0

189.3 ± 82.7

197.1 ± 102.6

0.162

0.173

0.064

0.404

0.003

0.851

VO 2 max (ml/min)

1754 ± 383.8

1816 ± 513.9

2335 ± 1058.4

2417 ± 1231.7

0.106

0.255

0.079

0.331

0.002

0.887

  1. Effect sizes from a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA: main effect of altitude, main effect of training and altitude-training interaction.
  2. Data are mean ± standard deviation; η2 P = effect size (partial eta squared; ‘small’ effect size, 0.01 < η2 P ≤ 0.06; ‘medium’ effect size, 0.06 < η2 P ≤ 0.14; ‘large’ effect size, η2 P > 0.14); P = significance level of the F statistic; N = number; T = time point; BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference; Max. syst. BP = maximum systolic blood pressure; Diast. BP = diastolic blood pressure; HR = heart rate; bpm = beats per minute; Max. = maximum; Age-adjust. = age-adjusted; CF = cardiac frequency.