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Table 1 ATP values and microbial colony-forming unit on several doorknob types in wards and clinics in different seasons

From: Assessment of contamination using an ATP bioluminescence assay on doorknobs in a university-affiliated hospital in Japan

Position in hospital

Monitoring point of doorknob

Type of doorknobs

Mean ± SD of ATP values (RLU)

Range of ATP values (RLU)

Microbial CFU per 10 cm 2

<October to November, 2013>

 3rd floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

404 ± 125

230–618

0

Staff break room

B*

551 ± 251

250–860

1

 4th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

334 ± 207

157–756

1

Staff break room

B*

310 ± 204

107–740

8

Linen closet

A

794 ± 308

421–1342

2

 4th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

249 ± 161

101- 544

1

Staff break room

B*

417 ± 112

217–567

0

 5th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

365 ± 147

171- 642

3

 2nd floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

512 ± 232

212–821

3

Staff break room

C1

429 ± 194

144–788

2

 3rd floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

327 ± 193

129–614

4

Staff break room

C1

451 ± 172

221–734

3

 4th floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

351 ± 108

156–463

4

Staff break room

C1

290 ± 80

203–436

0

 5th floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

271 ± 159

127–534

3

Newborn care unit

C1

216 ± 62

147–296

4

 Clinic of internal medicine

Western-style lavatory for men

C2

2536 ± 744

1369–3490

7

Western-style lavatory for men

E

927 ± 295

433–1443

22

Japanese-style lavatory for men

C2

1176 ± 698

314–2511

11

Japanese-style lavatory for men

E

923 ± 351

570–1515

25

Western-style lavatory for women

C2

1323 ± 615

543–2291

12

Western-style lavatory for women

E

364 ± 227

187–857

6

Japanese-style lavatory for women

C2

2278 ± 2981

363–8886

3

Japanese-style lavatory for women

E

607 ± 629

243–2004

7

Examination room for general internal medicine

B*

1702 ± 455

1109–2355

4

Examination room for nephrology

B*

2109 ± 1560

745–5434

30

Examination room for gastroenterology

B*

10387 ± 8096

2745–26425

14

 Department of radiology

Dressing room 1 for radiological tests

A**

668 ± 299

331–1244

1

Dressing room 2 for radiological tests

A**

356 ± 92

214–529

0

Dressing room 3 for radiological tests

A**

679 ± 146

513–953

0

 Department for health examination

Lavatory for men

D

488 ± 157

218–705

4

Lavatory for women

D

216 ± 59

119–284

2

<January to March, 2014>

 3rd floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

360 ± 246

173–843

10

Staff break room

B*

668 ± 321

314–1099

2

 4th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

4393 ± 6443

166–14174

8

Staff break room

B*

719 ± 793

144–2125

5

Linen closet

A

598 ± 171

327–829

0

 4th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

203 ± 87

104–345

3

Staff break room

B*

229 ± 49

200–327

10

 5th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

444 ± 290

278–1025

2

 2nd floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

1495 ± 2588

194–6759

0

Staff break room

C1

455 ± 436

125–1284

1

 3rd floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

551 ± 295

271–1069

17

Staff break room

C1

484 ± 212

238–721

0

 4th floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

358 ± 119

147–467

2

Staff break room

C1

301 ± 185

153–654

1

 5th floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

541 ± 1056

32–2694

0

Newborn care unit

C1

312 ± 136

131–492

0

 Clinic of internal medicine

Western-style lavatory for men

C2

2841 ± 3132

1277–9221

20

Western-style lavatory for men

E

1120 ± 347

804–1725

9

Japanese-style lavatory for men

C2

1736 ± 1118

855–3674

63

Japanese-style lavatory for men

E

770 ± 121

604–918

6

Western-style lavatory for women

C2

58605 ± 136900

1466–338031

8

Western-style lavatory for women

E

4607 ± 8044

247–20327

26

Japanese-style lavatory for women

C2

1844 ± 1786

758–5225

6

Japanese-style lavatory for women

E

432 ± 237

276- 905

6

Examination room for general internal medicine

B*

2045 ± 1228

950–3943

13

Examination room for nephrology

B*

2992 ± 1110

1825–4411

19

Examination room for gastroenterology

B*

2076 ± 731

1499–3494

18

 Department of radiology

Dressing room 1 for radiological tests

A**

911 ± 376

511–1412

5

Dressing room 2 for radiological tests

A**

365 ± 214

205–792

6

Dressing room 3 for radiological tests

A**

1959 ± 1982

497–5883

18

 Department for health examination

Lavatory for men

D

498 ± 160

335–803

14

Lavatory for women

D

522 ± 197

292–853

17

<June to July, 2014>

 3rd floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

492 ± 171

301–783

5

Staff break room

B*

1277 ± 516

635–2178

2

 4th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

310 ± 48

235–372

1

Staff break room

B*

526 ± 428

147–1342

6

Linen closet

A

489 ± 141

327–652

0

 4th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

272 ± 117

134- 488

1

Staff break room

B*

195 ± 78

70–291

9

 5th floor in southern building

Staff lavatory

A**

498 ± 378

108–992

0

 2nd floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

997 ± 523

415–1615

6

Staff break room

C1

578 ± 307

79–876

0

 3rd floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

694 ± 441

416–1566

8

Staff break room

C1

452 ± 171

335–795

8

 4th floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

601 ± 206

343–892

0

Staff break room

C1

772 ± 681

271–2104

3

 5th floor in northern building

Dirty utility room

C1

233 ± 108

126–411

0

Newborn care unit

C1

276 ± 90

137–401

1

 Clinic of internal medicine

Western-style lavatory for men

C2

1681 ± 811

907–3095

3

Western-style lavatory for men

E

1307 ± 568

809–2388

1

Japanese-style lavatory for men

C2

916 ± 353

500–1541

31

Japanese-style lavatory for men

E

527 ± 226

84–710

12

Western-style lavatory for women

C2

1454 ± 1549

531–4583

4

Western-style lavatory for women

E

684 ± 549

191–1624

39

Japanese-style lavatory for women

C2

989 ± 283

665–1306

7

Japanese-style lavatory for women

E

415 ± 171

303–759

9

Examination room for general internal medicine

B*

1938 ± 622

1333–2917

13

Examination room for nephrology

B*

2428 ± 622

1464–3353

81

Examination room for gastroenterology

B*

2312 ± 978

745–3410

116

 Department of radiology

Dressing room 1 for radiological tests

A**

1165 ± 594

585–2187

61

Dressing room 2 for radiological tests

A**

572 ± 262

254–943

5

Dressing room 3 for radiological tests

A**

773 ± 208

559–1156

3

 Department for health examination

Lavatory for men

D

999 ± 635

498–2176

0

Lavatory for women

D

1386 ± 2177

261–5807

2

  1. Type of doorknobs included grip-type (A), lever-type (B), two pull-types (C1 and C2), push-type (D), and insert-type (E).
  2. SD standard deviation, RLU relative light unit, CFU colony-forming unit.
  3. * When comparing ATP values on lever-type doorknobs, there was a significant difference in contamination between the clinical examination rooms and staff break rooms in the wards.
  4. ** There was a significant difference in ATP values on grip-type doorknobs of dressing rooms for radiological tests, as compared with the same type of doorknobs of staff lavatories in the wards.