Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual and community level factors associated with institutional delivery

Women educational level

 No education(R)

1

1

 Primary

1.39 (1.107–1.750)

–

1.50 (1.202–1.880)

 Secondary & above

2.75 (1.866–4.054)

–

3.60 (2.491–5.214)

Husband educational level

 No education(R)

1

 Primary

1.22 (0.963–1.557)

–

–

 Secondary & above

2.10 (1.528–2.883)

–

–

Media exposure

 No exposure (R)

1

1

 Has exposure

1.33 (1.065–1.666)

–

1.39 (1.115–1.752)

Household wealth index

 Poorest (R)

1

1

 Poor

0.99 (0.664–1.496)

–

1.01 (0.673–1.497)

 Middle

0.86 (0.563–1.313)

–

0.75 (0.493–1.137)

 Rich

1.49 (1.029–2.183)

–

1.11 (0.765–1.607)

 Richest

7.05 (4.862–10.234)

–

1.74 (1.143–2.648)

Birth order

 1 (R)

1

1

 2–3

0.56 (0.438–0.709)

–

0.49 (0.385–0.622)

 4–5

0.39 (0.289–0.520)

–

0.38 (0.286–0.512)

 6+

0.34 (0.247–0.463)

–

0.33 (0.245–0.456)

ANC visit

 No visit (R)

1

1

 1 visit

1.97 (1.201–3.229)

–

1.89 (1.148–3.113)

 2–3 visits

2.69 (2.058–3.515)

–

2.66 (2.031–3.479)

 4 and above

5.09 (3.947–6.574)

–

4.43 (3.405–5.751)

Region

 Affar (R)

1

1

 Tigray

–

1.88 (0.948–3.757)

1.56 (0.796–3.072)

 Amhara

–

2.46 (1.243–4.872)

3.06 (1.571–5.974)

 Oromia

–

1.96 (1.002–3.836)

2.06 (1.065–3.995)

 Somali

–

1.87 (0.866–4.062)

2.92 (1.382–6.150)

 B/Gumuz

–

2.66 (1.289–5.525)

2.67 (1.310–5.451)

 SNNP

–

1.62 (0.800–3.256)

1.61 (0.806–3.218)

 Gambella

–

6.76 (3.341–13.698)

5.78 (2.920–11.453)

 Harari

–

5.96 (2.953–12.034)

5.52 (2.751–11.066)

 Addis Ababa

–

10.65 (5.231–21.686)

6.43 (3.173–13.019)

 Dire Dawa

–

9.37 (4.632–18.958)

10.19 (5.088–20.387)

Place of residence

 Rural (R)

1

1

 Urban

–

7.46 (5.163–10.777)

4.74 (3.196–7.039)

Distance to health facility

 Not big problem

–

1.66 (1.356–2.032)

1.46 (1.1792–1.805)

 Big problem (R)

1

1

Community poverty

 High (R)

1

 Low

–

1.57 (1.115–2.212)

–

Community women’s education

 Low (R)

1

1

 High

–

2.66 (1.951–3.618)

1.71 (1.256–2.319)

Community media exposure

 Low (R)

1

 High

–

1.42 (1.029–1.964)

–

Community ANC utilization

 Low (R)

1

1

 High

–

2.54 (1.842–3.492)

1.55 (1.132–2.127)

Community variance (SE)

10.246* (1.020)

1.118* (0.179)

0.773* (0.134)

0.613* (0.128)

ICC (%)

75.6

25.3

19.1

15.7

PCV (%)

Reference

89.1

92.4

94.1

Log likelihood

AIC