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Table 4 Logistic regression examining media and marketing factors associated with Waterpipe ever use (n = 106)

From: Determinants of waterpipe use amongst adolescents in Northern Sweden: a survey of use pattern, risk perception, and environmental factors

Media marketing factors

Study participants

Waterpipe ever use

Crude odds ratio (95 % confidence interval)

Adjusted odds ratioϯ (95 % confidence interval)

N = 106

N (%)

Yes N = 62

N (%)

No N = 44

N (%)

Waterpipe use in television/films*

 Seen

66 (62)

44 (71)

22 (50)

2.4 (1.1–5.5)

2.4 (1.1–5.7)

 Not seen (reference)

40 (38)

18 (29)

22 (50)

  

Advertisements on waterpipe products

 Seen

91 (86)

55 (89)

36 (82)

1.7 (0.6–5.2)

1.4 (0.4–4.7)

 Not seen (reference)

15 (14)

7 (11)

8 (18)

  

Waterpipe products for sale in public

 Seen

60 (57)

39 (63)

21 (48)

1.8 (0.8–4.0)

1.8 (0.8–4.1)

 Not seen (reference)

46 (43)

23 (37)

23 (52)

  

Waterpipe use in tv/films perceived unhealthy*

 No

31 (29)

38 (61)

7 (16)

3.3 (1.3–8.7)

3.2 (1.2–8.9)

 Yes (reference)

75 (71)

24 (39)

37 (84)

  

Waterpipe use in tv/films perceived cool

 Yes

85 (80)

49 (79)

36 (82)

0.8 (0.3–2.2)

0.9 (0.3–2.7)

 No (reference)

21 (20)

13 (21)

8 (18)

  
  1. * p < 0.05, were p values for the confidence interval
  2. ϯAdjusted for age and gender