Characteristics | AFL–LLN n = 49 (%) | No AFL n = 1238 (%) | COR (95 % CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 32 (65.3) | 587 (47.4) | 2.09 (1.15–3.80) | 0.014 |
Female | 17 (34.7) | 651 (52.6) | 1 | |
Age, years, m (SD) | 39.1 (15.2) | 34.2 (12.6) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.008 |
Age group | ||||
19–39 | 27 (55.1) | 884 (71.4) | 1 | |
40–60 | 17 (34.7) | 289 (23.3) | 1.93 (1.03–3.58) | 0.036 |
≥60 | 5 (10.2) | 65 (5.3) | 2.52 (0.94–6.76) | 0.071 |
Level of education | ||||
≤Secondary | 32/48 (66.7) | 822/1237 (66.5) | 1.01 (0.55–1.86) | 0.975 |
Higher education | 16/48 (33.3) | 415/1237 (33.5) | 1 | |
Subject/chamber | ||||
≤2 | 26 (53.1) | 689/1236 (55.7) | 1 | 0.711 |
>2 | 23 (46.9) | 547/1236 (44.3) | 1.11 (0.63–1.98) | |
Tobacco smoking | ||||
Current smoker | 10 (20.4) | 110/1234 (8.9) | 2.70 (1.30–5.61) | 0.008 |
Ex-smokers | 4 (8.2) | 83/1234 (6.7) | 1.43 (0.50–4.13) | 0.505 |
Non smokers | 35 (71.4) | 1041/1234 (84.4) | 1 | |
Cooking fuel | ||||
Biomass | 1/43 (2.3) | 98/1209 (8.1) | 0.32 (0.04–2.46) | 0.276 |
Mixed | 25/43 (58.1) | 571/1209 (47.2) | 1.39 (0.74–2.60) | 0.303 |
Clean | 17/43 (39.5) | 540/1209 (44.7) | 1 | |
Past history of TB | ||||
No | 48 (98) | 1218 (98.4) | 1 | |
Yes | 1 (2) | 20 (1.6) | 1.27 (0.17–9.65) | 0.818 |
Past history of pneumonia | ||||
No | 47 (95.9) | 1203 (97.3) | 1 | |
Yes | 2 (4.1) | 34 (2.7) | 1.51 (0.35–6.45) | 0.582 |
HIV infection | ||||
No | 33 (67.3) | 972 (78.5) | 1 | |
Yes | 1 (2) | 10 (0.8) | 2.95 (0.37–23.69) | 0.310 |
Don’t know | 15 (30.6) | 256 (20.7) | 1.73 (0.92–3.23) | 0.087 |
Chronic cough | ||||
No | 48 (98) | 1214 (98.1) | 1 | |
Yes | 1 (2) | 24 (1.9) | 1.05 (0.14–7.95) | >0.999 |
Chronic expectoration | ||||
No | 48 (98) | 1229 (99.3) | 1 | |
Yes | 1 (2) | 9 (0.7) | 2.85 (0.35–22.91) | 0.323 |
Chronic dyspnoea 1 | ||||
No | 48 (98) | 1181 (95.4) | 1 | |
Yes | 1 (2) | 57 (4.6) | 0.43 (0.06–3.18) | 0.722 |
Lifetime wheezing | ||||
No | 42 (85.7) | 1156/1234 (93.7) | 1 | |
Yes | 7 (14.3) | 78/1234 (6.3) | 2.47 (1.08–5.68) | 0.038 |
BMI, kg, m(SD) | 25.8 (4.4) | 26.5 (5.45) | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | 0.410 |