|
Characteristics
|
COPD n = 31 (%)
|
No COPD n = 1245 (%)
|
OR (95 % CI)
|
p value
|
|---|
|
Sex
|
|
Male
|
21 (67.7)
|
587 (47.1)
|
2.35 (1.10–5.04)
|
0.023
|
|
Female
|
10 (32.3)
|
658 (52.9)
|
1
| |
|
Age, years, m (SD)
|
38.5 (14.1)
|
34.2 (12.7)
|
1.02 (1.00–1.05)
|
0.071
|
|
Age group
|
|
19–39
|
19 (61.3)
|
887 (71.2)
|
1
| |
|
40–60
|
8 (25.8)
|
292 (23.5)
|
1.28 (0.55–2.95)
|
0.564
|
|
≥60
|
4 (12.9)
|
66 (5.3)
|
2.83 (0.94–8.56)
|
0.066
|
|
Level of education
|
|
≤Secondary
|
21/30 (70)
|
825/1244 (66.3)
|
1.19 (0.54–2.61)
|
0.673
|
|
Higher education
|
9/30 (30)
|
419/1244 (33.7)
|
1
| |
|
Subject/chamber
|
|
≤2
|
16 (61.6)
|
695/1243 (55.9)
|
1
|
0.634
|
|
>2
|
15 (48.4)
|
548/1243 (44.1)
|
0.84 (0.41–1.72)
| |
|
Tobacco smoking
|
|
Current smoker
|
4 (12.9)
|
113/1241 (9.1)
|
1.55 (0.53–4.52)
|
0.432
|
|
Ex-smokers
|
3 (9.7)
|
84/1241 (6.8)
|
1.55 (0.46–5.27)
|
0.479
|
|
Non smokers
|
24 (77.4)
|
1044/1241 (84.1)
|
1
| |
|
Cooking fuel
|
|
Clean
|
9/27 (33.3)
|
544/1214 (44.8)
|
1
| |
|
Biomass
|
1 (3.7)
|
97 (8)
|
0.62 (0.08–4.97)
|
0.655
|
|
Mixed
|
17 (63)
|
573 (47.2)
|
1.79 (0.79–4.06)
|
0.161
|
|
Past history of TB
|
|
No
|
30 (96.8)
|
1226/1245 (98.5)
|
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1 (3.2)
|
19/1245 (1.5)
|
2.15 (0.28–16.60)
|
0.391
|
|
Past history of pneumonia
|
|
No
|
30 (96.8)
|
1209/1244 (97.2)
|
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1 (3.2)
|
35/1244 (2.8)
|
1.15 (0.15–8.68)
|
0.891
|
|
HIV infection
|
|
No
|
20 (64.5)
|
977/1245 (78.5)
|
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1 (3.2)
|
10/1245 (0.8)
|
4.86 (0.60–40.00)
|
0.139
|
|
Don’t know
|
10 (32.3)
|
258/1245 (20.7)
|
1.89 (0.88–4.10)
|
0.105
|
|
Chronic cough/expectoration
|
|
No
|
30 (96.8)
|
1219/1245 (97.9)
|
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1 (3.2)
|
26/1245 (2.1)
|
1.56 (0.21–11.89)
|
0.489
|
|
Chronic dyspnea
|
|
No
|
30 (96.8)
|
1188/1245 (95.4)
|
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1 (3.2)
|
57/1245 (4.6)
|
0.70 (0.09–5.19)
|
>0.999
|
|
Lifetime wheezing
|
|
No
|
26 (83.9)
|
1161/1241 (93.6)
|
1
| |
|
Yes
|
5 (16.1)
|
80 (6.4)
|
2.79 (1.04–7.46)
|
0.033
|
|
BMI, kg, m(SD)
|
27.2 (4.6)
|
26.4 (5.5)
|
1.02 (0.96–1.09)
|
0.445
|
-
OR odd’s ration, M mean, SD standard deviation, TB tuberculosis, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LLN lower limit of normal
