Survivor characteristics | Paternal participation | Maternal participation | Any parental participation | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 228) | No (n = 120) | p value | Yes (n = 289) | No (n = 59) | p value | Yes (n = 304) | No (n = 44) | p value | ||||||||
n/mean | (%/sd) | n/mean | (%/sd) | n/mean | (%/sd) | n/mean | (%/sd) | n/mean | (%/sd) | n/mean | (%/sd) | |||||
Mean age in years | 18.72 | (2.74) | 19.17 | (3.85) | 0.263 | 18.62 | (2.84) | 20.15 | (4.24) | 0.010 | 18.59 | (2.82) | 20.82 | (4.54) | 0.003 | |
Male gender | 118 | (51.8) | 63 | (52.5) | 0.895 | 148 | (51.2) | 33 | (55.9) | 0.508 | 154 | (50.7) | 27 | (61.4) | 0.184 | |
Non-norwegian origin | 14 | (6.1) | 25 | (21.7) | <0.001 | 19 | (6.6) | 20 | (37.0) | <0.001 | 23 | (7.6) | 16 | (41.0) | <0.001 | |
Financially disadvantaged | 42 | (19.2) | 29 | (24.6) | 0.246 | 56 | (20.0) | 15 | (26.3) | 0.286 | 59 | (20.1) | 12 | (27.9) | 0.239 | |
Divorced parents (wave 1) | 72 | (34.0) | 53 | (54.6) | 0.001 | 112 | (42.4) | 13 | (28.9) | 0.087 | 116 | (41.9) | 9 | (28.1) | 0.133 | |
Living with ≥ 1 parents (wave 1) | 138 | (65.7) | 64 | (61.5) | 0.467 | 179 | (67.3) | 23 | (47.9) | 0.010 | 188 | (67.4) | 14 | (40.0) | 0.001 | |
Sibling(s) in the study | 29 | (12.7) | 5 | (4.2) | 0.011 | 31 | (10.7) | 3 | (5.1) | 0.183 | 34 | (11.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.025 | |
Hospitalized | 17 | (7.5) | 11 | (9.2) | 0.577 | 25 | (8.7) | 3 | (5.1) | 0.442 | 27 | (8.9) | 1 | (2.3) | 0.152 | |
Terror exposure (mean 0–13) | 8.53 | (2.22) | 8.62 | (2.21) | 0.724 | 8.52 | (2.16) | 8.74 | (2.50) | 0.510 | 8.53 | (2.17) | 8.74 | (2.54) | 0.580 | |
Mental health service utilization | Wave 1 | 152 | (71.7) | 76 | (74.5) | 0.601 | 190 | (71.7) | 38 | (77.6) | 0.399 | 200 | (71.9) | 28 | (77.8) | 0.460 |
Wave 2 | 119 | (65.0) | 67 | (73.6) | 0.151 | 155 | (66.5) | 31 | (75.6) | 0.251 | 162 | (66.9) | 24 | (75.0) | 0.359 | |
Posttraumatic stress reactions (mean PTSD-RI) | Wave 1 | 1.53 | (0.68) | 1.64 | (0.78) | 0.202 | 1.51 | (0.70) | 1.86 | (0.71) | 0.001 | 1.53 | (0.71) | 1.82 | (0.71) | 0.023 |
Wave 2 | 1.21 | (0.66) | 1.33 | (0.74) | 0.174 | 1.18 | (0.67) | 1.60 | (0.71) | <0.001 | 1.20 | (0.67) | 1.60 | (0.74) | 0.002 | |
Anxiety/depression symptoms (mean SCL-8) | Wave 1 | 2.04 | (0.63) | 2.13 | (0.71) | 0.259 | 2.03 | (0.66) | 2.28 | (0.62) | 0.015 | 2.04 | (0.66) | 2.26 | (0.63) | 0.067 |
Wave 2 | 1.79 | (0.64) | 1.83 | (0.70) | 0.609 | 1.74 | (0.63) | 2.12 | (0.71) | <0.001 | 1.77 | (0.65) | 2.06 | (0.69) | 0.015 | |
Somatic symptoms (mean CSSI-8) | Wave 1 | 1.67 | (0.51) | 1.82 | (0.58) | 0.016 | 1.69 | (0.54) | 1.89 | (0.54) | 0.017 | 1.70 | (0.54) | 1.87 | (0.53) | 0.075 |
Wave 2 | 1.60 | (0.50) | 1.72 | (0.53) | 0.069 | 1.61 | (0.51) | 1.81 | (0.51) | 0.015 | 1.62 | (0.51) | 1.80 | (0.52) | 0.050 | |
Social support (mean FSSQ-7) | Wave 1 | 4.65 | (0.45) | 4.37 | (0.75) | 0.001 | 4.63 | (0.52) | 4.18 | (0.73) | <0.001 | 4.61 | (0.53) | 4.16 | (0.76) | 0.001 |
Wave 2 | 4.62 | (0.49) | 4.43 | (0.76) | 0.035 | 4.60 | (0.55) | 4.33 | (0.80) | 0.040 | 4.59 | (0.55) | 4.34 | (0.87) | 0.123 |