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Table 3 Survivor characteristics by maternal and paternal participation among survivors aged 13–32 years who participated in wave 1 or 2 (n = 348)

From: Research participation after terrorism: an open cohort study of survivors and parents after the 2011 Utøya attack in Norway

Survivor characteristics

Paternal participation

Maternal participation

Any parental participation

Yes (n = 228)

No (n = 120)

p value

Yes (n = 289)

No (n = 59)

p value

Yes (n = 304)

No (n = 44)

p value

n/mean

(%/sd)

n/mean

(%/sd)

n/mean

(%/sd)

n/mean

(%/sd)

n/mean

(%/sd)

n/mean

(%/sd)

Mean age in years

 

18.72

(2.74)

19.17

(3.85)

0.263

18.62

(2.84)

20.15

(4.24)

0.010

18.59

(2.82)

20.82

(4.54)

0.003

Male gender

 

118

(51.8)

63

(52.5)

0.895

148

(51.2)

33

(55.9)

0.508

154

(50.7)

27

(61.4)

0.184

Non-norwegian origin

 

14

(6.1)

25

(21.7)

<0.001

19

(6.6)

20

(37.0)

<0.001

23

(7.6)

16

(41.0)

<0.001

Financially disadvantaged

 

42

(19.2)

29

(24.6)

0.246

56

(20.0)

15

(26.3)

0.286

59

(20.1)

12

(27.9)

0.239

Divorced parents (wave 1)

 

72

(34.0)

53

(54.6)

0.001

112

(42.4)

13

(28.9)

0.087

116

(41.9)

9

(28.1)

0.133

Living with ≥ 1 parents (wave 1)

 

138

(65.7)

64

(61.5)

0.467

179

(67.3)

23

(47.9)

0.010

188

(67.4)

14

(40.0)

0.001

Sibling(s) in the study

 

29

(12.7)

5

(4.2)

0.011

31

(10.7)

3

(5.1)

0.183

34

(11.2)

0

(0.0)

0.025

Hospitalized

 

17

(7.5)

11

(9.2)

0.577

25

(8.7)

3

(5.1)

0.442

27

(8.9)

1

(2.3)

0.152

Terror exposure (mean 0–13)

 

8.53

(2.22)

8.62

(2.21)

0.724

8.52

(2.16)

8.74

(2.50)

0.510

8.53

(2.17)

8.74

(2.54)

0.580

Mental health service utilization

Wave 1

152

(71.7)

76

(74.5)

0.601

190

(71.7)

38

(77.6)

0.399

200

(71.9)

28

(77.8)

0.460

Wave 2

119

(65.0)

67

(73.6)

0.151

155

(66.5)

31

(75.6)

0.251

162

(66.9)

24

(75.0)

0.359

Posttraumatic stress reactions (mean PTSD-RI)

Wave 1

1.53

(0.68)

1.64

(0.78)

0.202

1.51

(0.70)

1.86

(0.71)

0.001

1.53

(0.71)

1.82

(0.71)

0.023

Wave 2

1.21

(0.66)

1.33

(0.74)

0.174

1.18

(0.67)

1.60

(0.71)

<0.001

1.20

(0.67)

1.60

(0.74)

0.002

Anxiety/depression symptoms (mean SCL-8)

Wave 1

2.04

(0.63)

2.13

(0.71)

0.259

2.03

(0.66)

2.28

(0.62)

0.015

2.04

(0.66)

2.26

(0.63)

0.067

Wave 2

1.79

(0.64)

1.83

(0.70)

0.609

1.74

(0.63)

2.12

(0.71)

<0.001

1.77

(0.65)

2.06

(0.69)

0.015

Somatic symptoms (mean CSSI-8)

Wave 1

1.67

(0.51)

1.82

(0.58)

0.016

1.69

(0.54)

1.89

(0.54)

0.017

1.70

(0.54)

1.87

(0.53)

0.075

Wave 2

1.60

(0.50)

1.72

(0.53)

0.069

1.61

(0.51)

1.81

(0.51)

0.015

1.62

(0.51)

1.80

(0.52)

0.050

Social support (mean FSSQ-7)

Wave 1

4.65

(0.45)

4.37

(0.75)

0.001

4.63

(0.52)

4.18

(0.73)

<0.001

4.61

(0.53)

4.16

(0.76)

0.001

Wave 2

4.62

(0.49)

4.43

(0.76)

0.035

4.60

(0.55)

4.33

(0.80)

0.040

4.59

(0.55)

4.34

(0.87)

0.123