Table 1 Characteristics of participants by proteinuria status (n = 141), Kampala, Uganda; 2013
From: Prevalence and correlates of proteinuria in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional pilot study
Demographic and clinical characteristics | All, n = 141 | With proteinuria, n = 18 (13 %) | Without proteinuria, n = 121 (87 %) | Crude PR (95 % CI) | Adjusted PRa (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
18–39 years old | 87 | 14 (16 %) | 72 (84 %) | 3.74 (0.89–15.77) | 7.96 (1.39–45.44) |
40–59 years old | 46 | 2 (4 %) | 44 (96 %) | Ref | Ref |
≥60 years old | 4 | 0 | 4 (100 %) | – | – |
Gender | |||||
Male | 60 | 9 (15 %) | 50 (85 %) | 1.36 (0.57–3.21) | – |
Female | 81 | 9 (11 %) | 71 (89 %) | Ref | – |
Occupation | |||||
Unemployed | 6 | 1 (17 %) | 5 (83 %) | Ref | – |
Student | 27 | 2 (7 %) | 25 (93 %) | – | – |
Wage earnerb | 33 | 7 (21 %) | 26 (79 %) | 1.35 (0.30–6.10) | – |
Professionalc | 71 | 7 (10 %) | 63 (90 %) | 2.25 (0.24–20.96) | – |
History of Smoking | 2 | 0 | 2 (100 %) | – | – |
History of alcohol intake | 54 | 11 (20 %) | 43 (80 %) | 2.44 (1.01–5.92) | 3.92 (1.10–14.03) |
18–39 years old | 31 | 10 (32 %) | 21 (68 %) | 4.35 (1.49–12.7) | – |
40–59 years old | 20 | 1 (5 %) | 19 (95 %) | 1.30 (0.09–19.5) | – |
>60 years old | 2 | 0 | 2 (100 %) | – | – |
Self-reported medical history | |||||
Hypertension | 21 | 1 (5 %) | 20 (95 %) | – | – |
Diabetes mellitus | 8 | 2 (25 %) | 6 (75 %) | – | – |
Heart diseased | 4 | 0 | 4 (100 %) | – | – |
Body mass index | |||||
Normal weight | 58 | 8 (14 %) | 50 (86 %) | Ref | – |
Overweight | 81 | 10 (12 %) | 71 (88 %) | 1.24 (0.49–3.14) | – |
Obese | 40 | 3 (8 %) | 37 (92 %) | 0.54 (0.15–1.93) | – |
Hypertension | 54 | 9 (17 %) | 45 (83 %) | 1.57 (0.67–3.71) | 1.50 (0.41–5.83) |
Systolic hypertension | 38 | 8 (21 %) | 30 (79 %) | 2.13 (0.91–4.98) | – |
Diastolic hypertension | 29 | 5 (17 %) | 24 (83 %) | 1.46 (0.57–3.76) | – |
Impaired fasting glucose | 19 | 5 (26 %) | 14 (74 %) | 2.43 (0.98–6.04) | 1.64 (0.28–9.73) |