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Table 4 The risk of involvement in a motor vehicle collision by medication exposure

From: Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collision in West Virginia drivers 65 years of age and older: a case-crossover study

Medication

Number of individuals taking medication (N)

1:4 Matched control periodsa

Model 1 OR (95 % CI)

Model 2 OR (95 % CI)

Anticholesteremic

 Simvastatin

12

1.00

(0.12, 8.17)

0.42

(0.03,07.23)

Anticoagulants

 Clopidogrel

10

10.73

(1.19, 96.67)

7.62

(0.48, 122.10)

 Warfarin

10

0.72

(0.06, 9.04)

0.30

(0.08, 1.22)

Anticonvulsants

 Gabapentin

15

2.69

(0.59, 12.32)

1.32

(0.24, 7.17)

Antidepressants

 Citalopram

10

3.01

(0.31, 29.65)

3.21

(0.24, 42.50)

Antihyperglycemics

 Insulin

12

15.76

(1.78, 139.61)

2.63

(0.14, 48.72)

Antihypertensive

 Furosemide

12

0.50

(0.08, 3.22)

0.81

(0.06, 10.62)

 Hydrochlorothiazide

13

12.35

(1.35, 113.06)

15.01

(0.76, 296.60)

 Lisinopril

25

1.56

(0.43, 5.69)

0.27

(0.05, 1.60)

 Metoprolol

29

5.29

(1.31, 21.38)

1.16

(0.23, 5.79)

Muscle relaxants

 Albuterol

11

0.44

(0.06, 3.20)

0.25

(0.02, 3.34)

Narcotic analgesics

 Hydrocodone

15

1.32

(0.36, 4.92)

0.37

(0.04, 3.79)

 Tramadol

11

10.56

(1.17, 95.51)

11.41

(1.27, 102.15)

Sleep medications

 Zolpidem

10

4.20

(0.73, 24.13)

1.42

(0.66, 3.00)

 Steroids

Fluticasone

11

0.56

(0.08, 3.89)

0.41

(0.04, 4.85)

 Prednisone

12

0.12

(0.01, 1.07)

0.19

(0.02, 1.82)

Vasodilators

 Nitroglycerin

12

2.54

(0.42, 15.23)

1.27

(0.07, 23.82)

Other drugs

 Alendronate

10

1.15

(0.22, 6.04)

0.13

(0.01, 1.78)

Combination drugs

 Oxycodone and Acetaminophen

16

0.61

(0.18, 2.00)

0.17

(0.02, 1.63)

  1. aConditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios and 95 % CI. Each case’s medication exposure during the 14 day risk period immediately before the crash was matched to four separate control periods up to 1 year before the collision to assess if medication use during the risk period was associated with an increase of motor vehicle collision compared to control periods. Model 1 is the crude estimate (i.e. unadjusted) while Model 2 was adjusted for the number of medications a person was taking during each case and control period