Table 2 Characteristics of children in the South Tongu district and bivariate associations with P. falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium infections

Male gender (n = 206)

20

186

1.2 (0.6–2.3)

6

200

1.5 (0.4–5.2)

0.75

Age (±1SD)

9.2 ± 2.1

11.4 ± 1.9

–

10.1 ± 0.9

9.4 ± 1.3

–

0.09

Age group

 5–7 (n = 108)

7

101

0.6 (0.3–1.4)

6

102

4.3 (1.18–15.5)

0.03

 8–10 (n = 130)

7

123

0.5 (0.2–1.1)

2

128

0.5 (0.1–2.5)

0.50

 11–13 (n = 166)

23

143

2.5 (1.2–5.1)

2

164

4.3 (1.2–15.5)

0.03

Malnourished (n = 211)

25

186

2.0 (0.9–4.5)

5

206

0.9 (0.3–3.2)

1

 Stunted (n = 90)

16

74

3.0 (1.5–6.07)

2

88

0.9 (0.2–4.2)

1

 Underweight (n = 87)

5

82

0.3 (0.1–0.9)

1

86

0.4 (0.1–3.2)

0.50

 Wasted (n = 34)

4

30

1.36 (0.5–4.1)

2

32

2.82 (0.7–13.8)

0.20

Haemoglobin (±SD)

9.1 ± 1.1

13.5 ± 2.4

–

11.1 ± 0.5

11.7 ± 0.8

–

0.116

Any anaemia (n = 295)

33

262

3.31 (1.1–9.6)

5

290

0.4 (0.1–1.3)

0.14

 Severe (n = 17)

4

13

3.30 (1.0–10.7)

2

15

5.5 (1.1–28.1)

0.07

 Moderate (n = 191)

24

167

2.49 (1.2–5.1)

2

189

0.3 (0.1–1.3)

0.11

 Mild (n = 87)

5

82

0.54 (0.2–1.4)

1

86

0.4 (0.04–3.2)

0.47

Protection against malaria^a (307)

23

284

0.48 (0.2–1.0)

3

304

0.12 (0.03–0.50)

0.002

 Bed nets (131)

2

129

0.07 (0.02–0.3)

0

131

–

 Repellents (13)

5

8

7.0 (2.1–22.7)

2

11

8.7 (1.6–45.8)

0.04

 House screens (70)

5

65

0.7 (0.3–1.9)

1

69

0.5 (0.07–4.2)

0.70

 Medication in past 4 weeks (93)

11

82

1.5 (0.7–3.1)

0

93

–

–

Childs knowledge of cause of malaria

 Yes (161)

19

142

1.9 (0.9–3.8)

2

159

0.37 (0.07–1.76)

0.32

 No (243)

16

227

8

235

Reported travel outside home in 4 weeks

 Yes (79)

16

63

3.6 (1.8–7.4)

1

78

0.4 (0.05–3.6)

0.69

 No (325)

21

304

9

316

Sources of water

 River (46)

17

29

9.9 (4.6–20.9)

5

41

8.6 (2.4–31.0)

0.002

 Borehole (283)

10

273

0.1 (0.06–0.3)

2

281

0.1 (0.02–0.510

0.01

 Tap water (75)

10

65

1.7 (0.8–3.7)

3

72

1.9 (0.5–7.5)

0.4

Activity in river

 Yes (90)

22

68

6.4 (3.2–13.1)

6

84

5.5 (1.5–20.1)

0.001

 No (314)

15

299

–

4

310

Frequency of activities per week in river

10.3 ± 2.4

10.1 ± 1.1

–

11.3 ± 1.4

9.2 ± 2.0

–

0.001

Toilet facilities

 Yes (220)

22

198

1.3 (0.6–2.5)

5

215

0.8 (0.2–2.9)

1.0

 No (184)

15

169

–

5

179

Child’s knowledge on schistosomiasis

 Yes (9)

2

7

2.9 (0.5–14)

1

8

5.3 (0.6–47.4)

0.2

 No (395)

35

360

–

9

386

Caregivers knowledge on helminths infections

 Yes (48)

4

44

0.9 (0.3–2.6)

2

46

1.9 (0.4–9.2)

0.6

 No (356)

33

323

–

8

348

Parent/guardian education

 Primary (121)

10

111

0.8 (0.4–1.8)

2

119

0.6 (0.1–2.8)

0.7

 Secondary (101)

11

90

1.3 (0.6–2.7)

3

98

0.4 (0.1–1.67)

0.3

 Tertiary (14)

4

10

4.3 (1.2–14.5)

1

13

3.3 (0.3–27.6)

0.3

 None (168)

12

156

0.6 (0.3–1.33)

3

165

0.6 (0.15–2.3)

0.56)

Socioeconomic score of household

 Lowest (388)

31

357

0.1 (0.05–0.4)

7

381

0.08 (0.02–0.34)

0.005

 Middle (13)

5

8

7.1 (2.2–22.6)

3

10

16.5 (3.7–73.6)

0.002

 Highest (3)

1

2

5.1 (0.5–57.2)

0

3

–

–

Use of anti-helminth drugs in past 3 months

 Yes (378)

23

355

0.2 (0.09–0.60)

7

371

0.08 (0.02–0.33)

0.002

 No (26)

14

12

4

22

–

–