Table 3 Mycobacterial Infections of implanted cardioverter defibrillators as reported in literature
Author | Year | Age | Gender | Procedure/Type of device | Type of infection | Time from procedure | Organism | Clinical presentation | Management/Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katona et al. [32] | 1992 | 31 | F | ICD, with two epicardial patches and epicardial screw-in leads | Â | 1Â year | M. avium-intracellulare | Pain and swelling at the abdominal insertion site of ICD | INH, RIF, and ETH and defibrillator leads were relocated to the other side of the abdomen 28Â days later |
Kessler et al. [33] | 2004 | 53 | F | ICD | 2Â weeks | M. abscessus | Tenderness and brownish odorless discharge | Extraction of the device and CLR for 6Â months | |
Short et al. [34] | 2005 | 74 | M | ICD | 6Â weeks | M. peregrinum | Persistent erythema and a pustule | Extraction of the AICD and the leads. CIP and CLR for 6Â weeks | |
Chrissoheris et al. [35] | 2008 | 85 | M | ICD (removal of PM and ICD implantation) | Few days | M. goodii/smegmatis | Erythema, tenderness and fluctuance at the pocket site | extraction of the AICD and the leads and SXT for 8Â weeks | |
Luckie et al. [36] | 2010 | 67 | M | Revision of CRT-D | Disseminated TB | Few months | M. tuberculosis | Fatigue, weight loss and anemia then pain around the ICD site, fluctuant swelling 6Â months later | The ICD was explanted, and the patient discharged with a LifeVest and standard anti-tuberculous therapy Died at home |
Karnam et al. [37] | 2011 | 73 | F | CRT-D | Pocket infection | 1Â months | M. phlei | serosanguinous discharge | The device and leads were explanted and prolonged antibiotic therapy SXT, DOX for 12Â months) |
Yuhning et al. [38] | 2012 | 56 | M | Upgrade to a CRT-D from PM then RA lead reposition | Pocket and leads | 8Â days | M. fortuitum | worsening pain and wound dehiscence and discharge | Antibacterial treatment (IPM, CLR and MOX; then MEM, LD and DOX) with device and lead extraction. Right MCA stroke, seizures, CoNS bacteremia, acute respiratory failure, and death |
Shah et al. [39] | 2012 | 78 | F | ICD | Pocket and lead | – | M. fortuitum | Chest wall tenderness, fevers, chills, decreased appetite, weakness and weight loss | Antibacterial treatment with device and lead extraction. (SXT for 2 months) |
Present case | 2015 | 54 | M | CRT-D | Leads | 6Â months | M. tuberculosis | Miliary TB | The device and leads were explanted and antibiotic therapy. Died due to multi-organ failure |