Table 1 Reasons for papers’ retraction adapted from COPE guidelines [2]
Reason | Definition |
|---|---|
Redundant publication | Publication of the same data or article in more than one journal without appropriate justification, permission or cross-referencing |
Overlap | Some new findings are presented in an article that also contains a substantial amount of previously published information |
Misconduct | Evidence of unreliable results caused, for example, by data fabrication |
Honest error | Evidence of unreliable results, caused, for example, by a miscalculation or by an experimental error |
Plagiarism | Content of other author (data, words or theories) is presented by another author without referencing as it was his own |
Authorship issues | Authorship dispute of an article |
No reason reported | No clear information of the reasons for the retraction was mentioned |