From: Effect of exercise type on smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors | Study design | Study population | Interventions | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abrantes et al. [40] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 61 physically inactive smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day | I1: telephone counseling + NRT + aerobic exercise program + counseling for exercise promotion C: telephone counseling + NRT + health education program Telephone counseling: 20 min/session/week for 8 weeks Aerobic exercise program: supervised, aerobic activity, 55–69% of maximal heart rate, 20 min/session (gradual increase), once a week at the research fitness facility. Participants were given exercise prescription to engage in exercise with a goal of progressing to 100 min of moderate intensity of exercise per week midway through the intervention and 150 min/week by the last several weeks of the 12-week intervention Counseling for exercise promotion: group-based, 20 min/session/week for 12 weeks Health education program: 1 h/session/week for 12 weeks | 7 day PPA Continuous abstinence verified by CO |
Bize et al. [41] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 481 sedentary smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years | I1: counseling + NRT + physical activity (PA) program C: counseling + NRT + healthy life style program (equal time as PA program) Counseling: 15 min/session/week for 9 weeks PA program: group-based, walking or jogging, 45 min/session/week for 9 weeks, 40–60% of maximal oxygen uptake, and encourage participant to practice PA about 30 min, four times/week | Continuous abstinence verified by CO |
Bock et al. [55] | RCT 6 months of follow-up | 55 sedentary female smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day | I1: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) + yoga program C: CBT + wellness program (equal time as yoga program) CBT: group-based, 1 h/session/week for 8 weeks Yoga program: group based Vinyasa style, 1 h/sessions, twice a week for 8 weeks | 24 h abstinence verified by CO 7 day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) verified by saliva cotinine |
Ciccolo et al. [54] | RCT 6 months of follow-up | 25 smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year | I1: resistance training C: contact control condition Resistance training: 60 min/session, twice a week for 12 weeks, 10 exercises, 10 repetitions of 65–75% of estimated maximal strength, weeks 1–3 complete 1 set, weeks 4–12 complete 2 sets Contact control condition: watch VDO, 25 min/session, 2 sessions/week All participants received single session of 15–20 min smoking cessation counseling and box of 8 weeks nicotine patch before randomizationa | 7 day PPA Continuous abstinence verified by CO |
Hill et al. [42] | RCT 6 months of follow-up | 36 smokers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day | I1: smoking cessation program + exercise C: smoking cessation program Smoking cessation program: 2 sessions/week for 5 weeks Exercise program: group-based, aerobic activity, 30 min/session, session/week for 5 weeks. Participants were encourage to engage in physical activity as often as possible | 7 day PPA verified by CO |
Hill et al. [43] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 82 current smokers 50 years old of age or older who had smoked for at least 30 years | I1: behavioral training I2: behavioral training + nicotine gum I3: behavioral training + exercise I4: exercise only Behavioral training: 90 min/session, 12 sessions across 3 months Exercise program: walking program including of 10 min warming and 15–35 steady walk, 1–3 times/week for 12 weeks, 60–70% of heart rate reserve | 5 day PPA verified by CO |
Kinnunen et al. [44] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 182 sedentary female smokers who had smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day | I1: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum + supervised exercise I2: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum + health education (equal time as exercise program) C: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum Behavioral counseling: approximately 10 min/session/week for 19 weeks Supervised exercise: treadmill, 40 min/session, twice a week for the first 5 week and once a week for 14 weeks remain 60–80% of maximal heart rate. Participants were encourage to exercise at home to bring total session for at least 3 sessions/week | Continuous abstinence verified by CO and saliva cotinine |
Maddison et al. [53] | RCT 24 weeks of follow-up | 906 sedentary smokers who smoked their first cigarette within 30 min of waking | I1: Usual care condition + NRT + Fit 2 quit program C: Usual care condition + NRT Usual care condition: quit line which provide information and support to quit smoking for 3 months Fit 2 quit program: physical activity counseling, 10 sessions (1 face-to-face and 9 telephone-based session) over 6 months | 7 day PPA Continuous abstinence No verification |
Marcus et al. [45] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 20 healthy women smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least the past 3 years | I1: smoking cessation program + exercise C: smoking cessation program Smoking cessation program: 1 h/session for 8 sessions over 4 weeks Exercise: supervised, cycle ergometer, 30–45 min/sessions, 3 session/week for 15 weeks, 70–85% of maximal heart rate | 7 day PPA verified by saliva cotinine |
Marcus et al. [46] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 20 healthy female who had smoked 8–40 cigarettes daily for at least 8 years | I1: smoking cessation program + exercise C: smoking cessation program + health education (equal time as exercise program) Smoking cessation program: 1 h/session/week for 12 weeks Exercise program: supervised, cycle ergometer (treadmill walking or rowing for cycle ergometer once a week for choices), 30–45 min/sessions, 3 session/week for 15 weeks, 70–85% of maximal heart rate | 7 day PPA verified by saliva cotinine |
Marcus et al. [47] | RCT 63 weeks of follow-up | 281 healthy sedentary female smokers who had regular smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years | I1: smoking cessation program + exercise C: smoking cessation program + contact control Smoking cessation program: group-based, once a week for 12 weeks Exercise: supervised, aerobic activity, 40–50 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 week, 60–85% of heart rate reserve | 7 day PPA Continuous abstinence Both verified by CO and saliva cotinine |
Marcus et al. [48] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 217 sedentary female smokers who regular smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year | I1: CBT + nicotine patch + exercise C: CBT + nicotine patch + contact control CBT: 1 h/session/week for 8 weeks Exercise: aerobic activity, 1 h/session/week for 8 weeks at gym, 45–59% of heart rate reserve and the remainder of the week participant were instructed to exercise for 4 days at gym or home (goal 165 min/week) | 7 day PPA Continuous abstinence Both verified by CO and saliva cotinine |
Martin et al. [49] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 205 recovering alcoholic smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day | I1: quit program + nicotine anonymous meeting I2: behavioral counseling + exercise I3: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum Quit program: once a week for 8 weeks Nicotine anonymous meeting: 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks Behavioral counseling: 60–75 min/session/week for 8 weeks Exercise: walking and use equipment (treadmill or stationary bicycle, etc.), 15–45 min/session/week on site and 3 session/week at home, 60–70% of maximal heart rate [73] | 7 day PPA verified by CO |
McKay et al. [57] | RCT 6 months of follow-up | 2318 smokers who can access to the internet | I1: web-based quit smoking network (QSN) C: web-based active live QSN: provide the key concepts and strategy of a behavioral program for quitting smoking Active live: program design to encourage participants to engage in a personalized fitness program | 7 day PPA No verification |
Prapavessis et al. [50] | RCT 58 weeks of follow-up | 142 sedentary female smokers who had smoked in excess of 10 cigarettes/day for the last 3 years | I1: CBT I2: CBT + nicotine patch I3: exercise program I4: exercise program + nicotine patch CBT: supervised, 45 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 week Exercise: cycle ergometer, 45 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 week, 60–75% of heart rate reserve | 7 day PPA Continuous abstinence Both verified by CO and saliva cotinine |
Russell et al. [51] | RCT 18 months of follow-up | 42 women smokers | I1: behavioral smoking cessation program + exercise program I2: behavioral smoking cessation program + health education program C: behavioral smoking cessation program Behavioral smoking cessation program: 1 h/session for 4 consecutive days Health education program: once a week for 9 weeks (topic about diet exercise, and coping with stress) Exercise program: walking/jogging activity, 20–30 min/session, 3 session/week (2 session can be done outside of the class), 70–80% of maximal heart rate | Quit rate (PPA or continuous abstinence were not defined) verified by CO |
Taylor et al. [52] | RCT 23 weeks of follow-up | 68 men smokers post-acute myocardial infraction | I1: exercise testing + home exercise training I2: exercise testing + supervised group exercise training I3: exercise testing C: exercise testing at end of treatment only Participants in I1, I2 and I3 received a single session of smoking counseling program | Quit rate (PPA or continuous abstinence were not defined) |
RCT 12 months of follow-up | 299 smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years | I1: behavioral support + NRT + brief exercise counseling C: behavioral support + NRT + health education (equal time as exercise counseling) Behavioral support: 15–20 min/session/week, 7 sessions (30 min for the first session), Brief exercise counseling: approximately 2 min (5 min for the first session), once a week for seven times, participants were advised to progress over 7 weeks of the program towards 30 min of life style or structured exercise on at least 5 days/week in bout lasting at least 5 min, at least 40% of heart rate reserve | Continuous abstinence verified by CO | |
Whiteley et al. [56] | RCT 12 months of follow-up | 330 healthy sedentary female smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day | I1: smoking cessation program + exercise program C: smoking cessation program + contact control Smoking cessation program: group-based, 60 min/session/week for 12 weeks Exercise program: aerobic activity, 40 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks Week 1–4: 64–76% of maximal heart rate Week 5–12: 77–85% of maximal heart rate Week 4: add 20–25 min of 10 machine based resistance training, at least one set of 8–10 repetitions | 7 day PPA verified by CO and saliva cotinine Continuous abstinence |