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Table 1 Characteristics and results of included studies

From: Effect of exercise type on smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Authors

Study design

Study population

Interventions

Outcomes

Abrantes et al. [40]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

61 physically inactive smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day

I1: telephone counseling + NRT + aerobic exercise program + counseling for exercise promotion

C: telephone counseling + NRT + health education program

Telephone counseling: 20 min/session/week for 8 weeks

Aerobic exercise program: supervised, aerobic activity, 55–69% of maximal heart rate, 20 min/session (gradual increase), once a week at the research fitness facility. Participants were given exercise prescription to engage in exercise with a goal of progressing to 100 min of moderate intensity of exercise per week midway through the intervention and 150 min/week by the last several weeks of the 12-week intervention

Counseling for exercise promotion: group-based, 20 min/session/week for 12 weeks

Health education program: 1 h/session/week for 12 weeks

7 day PPA

Continuous abstinence verified by CO

Bize et al. [41]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

481 sedentary smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years

I1: counseling + NRT + physical activity (PA) program

C: counseling + NRT + healthy life style program (equal time as PA program)

Counseling: 15 min/session/week for 9 weeks

PA program: group-based, walking or jogging, 45 min/session/week for 9 weeks, 40–60% of maximal oxygen uptake, and encourage participant to practice PA about 30 min, four times/week

Continuous abstinence verified by CO

Bock et al. [55]

RCT

6 months of follow-up

55 sedentary female smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day

I1: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) + yoga program

C: CBT + wellness program (equal time as yoga program)

CBT: group-based, 1 h/session/week for 8 weeks

Yoga program: group based Vinyasa style, 1 h/sessions, twice a week for 8 weeks

24 h abstinence verified by CO

7 day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) verified by saliva cotinine

Ciccolo et al. [54]

RCT

6 months of follow-up

25 smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year

I1: resistance training

C: contact control condition

Resistance training: 60 min/session, twice a week for 12 weeks, 10 exercises, 10 repetitions of 65–75% of estimated maximal strength, weeks 1–3 complete 1 set, weeks 4–12 complete 2 sets

Contact control condition: watch VDO, 25 min/session, 2 sessions/week

All participants received single session of 15–20 min smoking cessation counseling and box of 8 weeks nicotine patch before randomizationa

7 day PPA

Continuous abstinence verified by CO

Hill et al. [42]

RCT

6 months of follow-up

36 smokers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day

I1: smoking cessation program + exercise

C: smoking cessation program

Smoking cessation program: 2 sessions/week for 5 weeks

Exercise program: group-based, aerobic activity, 30 min/session, session/week for 5 weeks. Participants were encourage to engage in physical activity as often as possible

7 day PPA verified by CO

Hill et al. [43]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

82 current smokers 50 years old of age or older who had smoked for at least 30 years

I1: behavioral training

I2: behavioral training + nicotine gum

I3: behavioral training + exercise

I4: exercise only

Behavioral training: 90 min/session, 12 sessions across 3 months

Exercise program: walking program including of 10 min warming and 15–35 steady walk, 1–3 times/week for 12 weeks, 60–70% of heart rate reserve

5 day PPA verified by CO

Kinnunen et al. [44]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

182 sedentary female smokers who had smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day

I1: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum + supervised exercise

I2: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum + health education (equal time as exercise program)

C: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum

Behavioral counseling: approximately 10 min/session/week for 19 weeks

Supervised exercise: treadmill, 40 min/session, twice a week for the first 5 week and once a week for 14 weeks remain 60–80% of maximal heart rate. Participants were encourage to exercise at home to bring total session for at least 3 sessions/week

Continuous abstinence verified by CO and saliva cotinine

Maddison et al. [53]

RCT

24 weeks of follow-up

906 sedentary smokers who smoked their first cigarette within 30 min of waking

I1: Usual care condition + NRT + Fit 2 quit program

C: Usual care condition + NRT

Usual care condition: quit line which provide information and support to quit smoking for 3 months

Fit 2 quit program: physical activity counseling, 10 sessions (1 face-to-face and 9 telephone-based session) over 6 months

7 day PPA

Continuous abstinence

No verification

Marcus et al. [45]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

20 healthy women smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least the past 3 years

I1: smoking cessation program + exercise

C: smoking cessation program

Smoking cessation program: 1 h/session for 8 sessions over 4 weeks

Exercise: supervised, cycle ergometer, 30–45 min/sessions, 3 session/week for 15 weeks, 70–85% of maximal heart rate

7 day PPA verified by saliva cotinine

Marcus et al. [46]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

20 healthy female who had smoked 8–40 cigarettes daily for at least 8 years

I1: smoking cessation program + exercise

C: smoking cessation program + health education (equal time as exercise program)

Smoking cessation program: 1 h/session/week for 12 weeks

Exercise program: supervised, cycle ergometer (treadmill walking or rowing for cycle ergometer once a week for choices), 30–45 min/sessions, 3 session/week for 15 weeks, 70–85% of maximal heart rate

7 day PPA verified by saliva cotinine

Marcus et al. [47]

RCT

63 weeks of follow-up

281 healthy sedentary female smokers who had regular smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years

I1: smoking cessation program + exercise

C: smoking cessation program + contact control

Smoking cessation program: group-based, once a week for 12 weeks

Exercise: supervised, aerobic activity, 40–50 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 week, 60–85% of heart rate reserve

7 day PPA

Continuous abstinence

Both verified by CO and saliva cotinine

Marcus et al. [48]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

217 sedentary female smokers who regular smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year

I1: CBT + nicotine patch + exercise

C: CBT + nicotine patch + contact control

CBT: 1 h/session/week for 8 weeks

Exercise: aerobic activity, 1 h/session/week for 8 weeks at gym, 45–59% of heart rate reserve and the remainder of the week participant were instructed to exercise for 4 days at gym or home (goal 165 min/week)

7 day PPA

Continuous abstinence Both verified by CO and saliva cotinine

Martin et al. [49]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

205 recovering alcoholic smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day

I1: quit program + nicotine anonymous meeting

I2: behavioral counseling + exercise

I3: behavioral counseling + nicotine gum

Quit program: once a week for 8 weeks

Nicotine anonymous meeting: 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks

Behavioral counseling: 60–75 min/session/week for 8 weeks

Exercise: walking and use equipment (treadmill or stationary bicycle, etc.), 15–45 min/session/week on site and 3 session/week at home, 60–70% of maximal heart rate [73]

7 day PPA verified by CO

McKay et al. [57]

RCT

6 months of follow-up

2318 smokers who can access to the internet

I1: web-based quit smoking network (QSN)

C: web-based active live

QSN: provide the key concepts and strategy of a behavioral program for quitting smoking

Active live: program design to encourage participants to engage in a personalized fitness program

7 day PPA

No verification

Prapavessis et al. [50]

RCT

58 weeks of follow-up

142 sedentary female smokers who had smoked in excess of 10 cigarettes/day for the last 3 years

I1: CBT

I2: CBT + nicotine patch

I3: exercise program

I4: exercise program + nicotine patch

CBT: supervised, 45 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 week

Exercise: cycle ergometer, 45 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 week, 60–75% of heart rate reserve

7 day PPA

Continuous abstinence Both verified by CO and saliva cotinine

Russell et al. [51]

RCT

18 months of follow-up

42 women smokers

I1: behavioral smoking cessation program + exercise program

I2: behavioral smoking cessation program + health education program

C: behavioral smoking cessation program

Behavioral smoking cessation program: 1 h/session for 4 consecutive days

Health education program: once a week for 9 weeks (topic about diet exercise, and coping with stress)

Exercise program: walking/jogging activity, 20–30 min/session, 3 session/week (2 session can be done outside of the class), 70–80% of maximal heart rate

Quit rate (PPA or continuous abstinence were not defined) verified by CO

Taylor et al. [52]

RCT

23 weeks of follow-up

68 men smokers post-acute myocardial infraction

I1: exercise testing + home exercise training

I2: exercise testing + supervised group exercise training

I3: exercise testing

C: exercise testing at end of treatment only

Participants in I1, I2 and I3 received a single session of smoking counseling program

Quit rate (PPA or continuous abstinence were not defined)

Ussher et al. [37, 38]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

299 smokers who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years

I1: behavioral support + NRT + brief exercise counseling

C: behavioral support + NRT + health education (equal time as exercise counseling)

Behavioral support: 15–20 min/session/week, 7 sessions (30 min for the first session),

Brief exercise counseling: approximately 2 min (5 min for the first session), once a week for seven times, participants were advised to progress over 7 weeks of the program towards 30 min of life style or structured exercise on at least 5 days/week in bout lasting at least 5 min, at least 40% of heart rate reserve

Continuous abstinence verified by CO

Whiteley et al. [56]

RCT

12 months of follow-up

330 healthy sedentary female smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/day

I1: smoking cessation program + exercise program

C: smoking cessation program + contact control

Smoking cessation program: group-based, 60 min/session/week for 12 weeks

Exercise program: aerobic activity, 40 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks

Week 1–4: 64–76% of maximal heart rate

Week 5–12: 77–85% of maximal heart rate

Week 4: add 20–25 min of 10 machine based resistance training, at least one set of 8–10 repetitions

7 day PPA verified by CO and saliva cotinine

Continuous abstinence

  1. I Intervention, C Control, CO Carbon monoxide, PPA Point prevalence abstinence