Fig. 1

In vitro β-ionone-induced LNCaP cell invasiveness and its inhibition by gallein. Spheroids obtained by using LNCaP cells were grown into a collagen I gel in the presence of various concentrations of β-ionone or of 0.1% DMSO, with (dashed lines) or without gallein. Bars indicate standard deviation between wells corresponding to the same condition (n = 3). Migrating LNCaP cell area relative to spheroid area (%) is shown over time. Compared to the control condition (without β-ionone nor gallein), cell migration from the spheroids was significantly increased (two-tailed Student’s test, p ≤ 0.05) in the presence of 10 or 100 µM β-ionone without gallein, from 48 to 144 h of culture