Fig. 1

Summary of the PSO result. a The athletic performance by each training days corresponding to PSO’s training plans and British Cycling’s training plans (the training plan with higher athletic performance is preferred); b the convergence of each constraints violation value by algorithm iterations (the lower value of constraint violation is preferred); c the convergence of athletic performance value by algorithm iterations (the higher value of performance is preferred); d the comparison of daily training effort between PSO training plan and British Cycling’s training plan which presented by daily TRIMP value (higher TRIMP mean high training effort)