Skip to main content

Table 2 Bivariate analyses investigating nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) before or after illegal drug use (n = 1345)

From: Nonmedical prescription opioid use and illegal drug use: initiation trajectory and related risks among people who use illegal drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Characteristic

ARYS (n = 512)

VIDUS (n = 833)

NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU)

Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU)

NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU)

Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Age per year older

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.033

0.94 (0.87–1.02)

0.122

0.98 (0.95–1.00)

0.080

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.083

Male gendera

1.59 (0.85–2.96)

0.146

1.03 (0.57–1.81)

0.923

0.99 (0.59–1.63)

0.972

1.19 (0.73–1.91)

0.487

Caucasian ancestrya

1.06 (0.57–1.93)

0.861

1.13 (0.64–2.00)

0.665

1.66 (1.02–2.74)

0.043

1.99 (1.25–3.21)

0.004

Homelessa

1.99 (0.57–6.48)

0.257

1.47 (0.47–3.90)

0.467

2.48 (1.08–5.54)

0.028

2.26 (1.04–4.59)

0.029

High school incompletiona

0.60 (0.33–1.12)

0.107

0.59 (0.33–1.05)

0.070

1.09 (0.66–1.80)

0.742

1.03 (0.64–1.66)

0.903

Daily heroin usea,b,c

4.30 (1.76–12.95)

0.003

4.82 (2.04–14.19)

0.001

2.82 (1.44–6.08)

0.004

2.61 (1.37–5.53)

0.006

Daily stimulant usea,b,c,d

0.63 (0.34–1.20)

0.158

0.93 (0.52–1.67)

0.798

1.25 (0.72–2.22)

0.437

1.23 (0.73–2.13)

0.455

Binge drug usea,b,c

2.39 (1.30–4.48)

0.006

3.06 (1.73–5.54)

0.000

1.60 (0.94–2.81)

0.091

1.63 (0.98–2.80)

0.067

$ spent on drugs/dayb,e

1.18 (0.64–2.21)

0.594

1.13 (0.64–2.05)

0.669

1.77 (1.04–3.10)

0.041

1.80 (1.08–3.10)

0.027

Non-fatal overdosea,c

1.57 (0.87–2.87)

0.138

1.68 (0.96–2.95)

0.069

2.58 (1.57–4.28)

< 0.001

3.14 (1.96–5.11)

< 0.001

Methadone treatmenta

2.69 (1.20–6.91)

0.024

3.21 (1.49–8.00)

0.006

4.24 (2.53–7.16)

< 0.001

4.22 (2.60–6.87)

< 0.001

Emergency room visita,b

0.91 (0.50–1.70)

0.775

1.31 (0.75–2.34)

0.354

1.77 (0.99–3.33)

0.064

1.96 (1.12–3.60)

0.023

Depression symptomsa

1.61 (0.85–3.07)

0.145

1.55 (0.85–2.83)

0.148

1.35 (0.79–2.29)

0.271

1.15 (0.69–1.90)

0.593

Childhood traumaa

1.08 (0.53–2.15)

0.825

1.17 (0.60–2.21)

0.630

1.58 (0.94–2.66)

0.083

1.61 (0.98–2.62)

0.059

Experience violencea,b

2.53 (1.28–5.34)

0.010

2.63 (1.38–5.38)

0.005

1.73 (0.85–3.92)

0.156

1.50 (0.75–3.33)

0.282

Incarcerationa

1.07 (0.58–1.95)

0.823

1.44 (0.81–2.53)

0.212

2.60 (1.37–4.87)

0.003

2.82 (1.54–5.00)

0.001

Regular employmenta,b

1.05 (0.58–1.92)

0.868

1.02 (0.59–1.80)

0.938

0.85 (0.50–1.49)

0.564

0.96 (0.58–1.63)

0.873

Drug dealinga,b

2.62 (1.28–5.84)

0.012

2.41 (1.22–5.23)

0.017

4.61 (2.08–12.27)

0.001

3.88 (1.78–10.19)

0.002

Sex worka

0.80 (0.42–1.57)

0.515

0.96 (0.53–1.79)

0.890

0.72 (0.42–1.21)

0.219

0.61 (0.37–1.00)

0.055

  1. aComparison is yes vs. no
  2. bRefers to activities, behaviours, and experiences in the last 6 months
  3. cIncludes injection and non-injection drug use
  4. dIncludes crack cocaine, cocaine, or crystal methamphetamine use
  5. eComparison is <median vs. ≥ median
Back to article page

BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

Contact us