Skip to main content

Table 3 Multivariate analyses investigating nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) before or after illegal drug use (n = 1345)

From: Nonmedical prescription opioid use and illegal drug use: initiation trajectory and related risks among people who use illegal drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Characteristic

ARYS (n = 512)

VIDUS (n = 833)

NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU)

Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU)

NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU)

Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU)

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Age per year older

      

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

0.128

Male gendera

        

Caucasian ancestrya

      

2.39 (1.38–4.19)

0.002

Homelessa

        

High school incompletiona

        

Daily heroin usea,b,c

3.76 (1.33–13.52)

0.022

3.68 (1.37–12.79)

0.019

    

Daily stimulant usea,b,c,d

        

Binge drug usea,b,c

2.05 (1.08–3.95)

0.030

2.07 (1.12–3.90)

0.022

    

$ spent on drugs/dayb,e

        

Non-fatal overdosea,c

    

1.81 (1.03–3.19)

0.038

2.43 (1.42–4.19)

0.001

Methadone treatmenta

2.22 (0.86–6.51)

0.118

3.13 (1.32–8.68)

0.016

4.43 (2.50–7.96)

< 0.001

3.63 (2.12–6.24)

< 0.001

Emergency room visita,b

        

Depression symptomsa

        

Childhood traumaa

    

1.96 (1.10–3.53)

0.023

1.85 (1.05–3.24)

0.033

Experience violencea,b

2.42 (1.18–5.28)

0.020

2.74 (1.36–5.93)

0.007

    

Incarcerationa

    

1.92 (0.93–3.90)

0.072

2.26 (1.11–4.50)

0.021

Regular employmenta,b

        

Drug dealinga,b

  

1.85 (0.87–4.32)

0.127

4.06 (1.72–11.31)

0.003

2.68 (1.17–7.29)

0.032

Sex worka

        
  1. aComparison is yes vs. no
  2. bRefers to activities, behaviours, and experiences in the last 6 months
  3. cIncludes injection and non-injection drug use
  4. dIncludes crack cocaine, cocaine, or crystal methamphetamine use
  5. eComparison is <median vs. ≥ median