Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles and chronic diseases among older women in Vietnam (n = 305) and Australia (n = 175)
Vietnam, n (%) | Australia, n (%) | Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean (SD)) | 64.72 (3.5) | 65.88 (2.9) | t(478) = 14.09* |
Married/de facto | 177 (58) | 130 (76) | χ2 (1) = 15.49* |
Highest education | |||
Primary/less | 220 (72.1) | 31 (18.1) | χ2 (3) = 144.14* |
Junior school | 44 (14.4) | 60 (35.1) | |
Senior school | 26 (8.5) | 22 (12.9) | |
Diploma and university | 15 (4.9) | 58 (33.9) | |
Employed | 104 (34.1) | 40 (22.9) | χ2 (1) = 6.69* |
Having ≥ 5 servings of vegetable daily | 132 (43.3) | 129 (73.7) | χ2 (1) = 41.52* |
Having ≥ 2 servings of fruit daily | 128 (42.0) | 138 (78.9) | χ2 (1) = 61.25* |
Alcohol consumption | 31 (10.2) | 146 (83.4) | χ2 (1) = 256.42* |
Tobacco smoking | 5 (1.6) | 59 (33.7) | χ2 (1) = 99.00* |
Physical activity | χ2 (3) = 13.90 | ||
Very active | 55 (18.0) | 15 (8.8) | |
Moderately active | 172 (56.4) | 115 (67.3) | |
Mildly active | 56 (18.4) | 37 (21.6) | |
Sedentary | 22 (7.2) | 4 (2.3) | |
Exercise status | χ2 (2) = 119.15* | ||
None | 189 (62.0) | 39 (22.8) | |
Not daily | 17 (5.6) | 112 (65.5) | |
Daily | 99 (32.5) | 20 (11.7) | |
Sleep disturbance | 116 (38.0) | 14 (9.1) | χ2 (1) = 42.22* |
BMI | χ2 (3) = 110.51* | ||
Underweight | 17 (5.6) | 1 (.6) | |
Normal | 202 (66.2) | 56 (32.7) | |
Overweight | 70 (23.0) | 42 (24.6) | |
Obese | 16 (5.2) | 72 (42.1) | |
Chronic diseases | 1.61 (.07) | 1.17 (.07) | t(478) = − 3.99* |
Hypertension | 153 (50.2) | 58 (33.9) | χ2 (1) = 11.73* |
Heart disease | 80 (26.2) | 2 (1.2) | χ2 (1) = 28.26* |
Stroke | 14 (4.6) | 2 (1.2) | χ2 (1) = 3.95** |
Type 2 diabetes | 36 (11.8) | 15 (8.8) | χ2 (1) = 1.05 |
Breast cancer | 2 (.7) | 6 (3.5) | χ2 (1) = 5.40** |
Arthritis | 155 (50.8) | 73 (42.7) | χ2 (1) = 2.90 |
Osteoporosis | 52 (17.0) | 33 (19.3) | χ2 (1) = .38 |
Depression | 1 (.3) | 26 (15.2) | χ2 (1) = 45.32* |