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Table 2 Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of SHL for RS

From: Unexpected association between subclinical hearing loss and restorative sleep in a middle-aged and elderly Japanese population

SHL at 4000 Hz

Both intact

Unilateral

Bilateral

 

SSRS, n (%)

16,544 (57.0)

1542 (63.3)

1652 (68.0)

 

 Model 1

1 (reference)

1.30 (1.20–1.42)***

1.60 (1.47–1.75)***

 

 Model 2

1 (reference)

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

1.21 (1.10–1.32)***

 

 Model 3

1 (reference)

1.06 (0.97–1.16)

1.22 (1.11–1.34)***

 

Model 3

 

 Men

1 (reference)

1.03 (0.94–1.14)

1.18 (1.10–1.32)**

 

 Women

1 (reference)

1.14 (0.92–1.42)

1.32 (0.96–1.81)

 

SHL at 1000 Hz

Both intact

Unilateral

Bilateral

 

N (% of total)

31,603 (93.3)

1494 (4.4)

791 (2.3)

 

SSRS, n (%)

18,266 (57.8)

947 (63.4)

525 (66.4)

 

 Model 1

1 (reference)

1.26 (1.14–1.41)***

1.44 (1.24–1.67)***

 

 Model 2

1 (reference)

1.04 (0.93–1.16)

1.09 (0.94–1.27)

 

 Model 3

1 (reference)

1.04 (0.91.17)

1.10 (0.94–1.28)

 

SHL at 4000 Hz

Not bilateral

Not bilateral

Bilateral

Bilateral

SHL at 1000 Hz

Not bilateral

Bilateral

Not bilateral

Bilateral

N (% of total)

31,019 (91.5)

440 (1.3)

2078 (6.1)

351 (1.0)

SSRS, n (%)

17,810 (57.4)

276 (62.7)

1403 (67.5)

249 (70.9)

 Model 1

1 (reference)

1.25 (1.03–1.52)*

1.54 (1.40–1.69)***

1.81 (1.44–2.28)***

 Model 2

1 (reference)

0.99 (0.81–1.21)

1.18 (1.07–1.30)**

1.29 (1.02–1.62)*

 Model 3

1 (reference)

1.00 (0.82–1.22)

1.20 (1.08–1.32)**

1.30 (1.03–1.65)*

Model 3

 Men

1 (reference)

1.06 (0.80–1.41)

1.18 (1.06–1.31)**

1.18 (0.91–1.53)

 Women

1 (reference)

0.93 (0.70–1.24)

1.10 (0.76–1.61)

1.91 (1.05–3.46)*

  1. Model 1: unadjusted
  2. Model 2: adjustment for age and sex
  3. Model 3: Model 2 plus adjustment for current smoking (versus non-smoking), daily alcohol consumption (versus infrequent/no alcohol consumption), regular exercise (versus no regular exercise), pharmacotherapy (for hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia), BMI, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, HbA1c (as continuous variables) and past history of CVD or stroke (versus no history)
  4. BMI body mass index; HDL high-density lipoprotein; CVD cardiovascular disease; SHL subclinical hearing loss; RS restorative sleep
  5. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.0001