Fig. 2

Recombinant GM-CSF induces both mucosal and systemic OVA-specific antibody responses. The data show the OVA-specific nasal IgA and serum IgGs for each immunized group (PBS only, OVA alone, or OVA plus recombinant GM-CSF). The data were obtained from three independent experiments. The statistically significant value (*p < 0.0001) shown were calculated from the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test