Table 1 Characteristics of study participants and Helicobacter pylori positivity
Variables | Total participants | Number positive for H. pylori | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stool antigen (%) | Serology (%) | |||
Sex | ||||
Male | 134 | 63 (47.0) | 61 (45.5) | 0.917 |
Female | 366 | 174 (47.5) | 156 (42.6) | |
Age group (years) | ||||
< 50 | 278 | 119 (42.8) | 123 (44.2) | 0.021** |
> 50 | 222 | 118 (53.2) | 94 (42.3) | |
Education | ||||
None | 25 | 20 (80.0) | 18 (72.0) | 0.000** |
Primary | 235 | 125 (53.2) | 111 (47.2) | |
Secondary | 207 | 92 (44.4) | 88 (42.5) | |
Tertiary | 33 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Source of income | ||||
Agriculture/trading | 360 | 177 (49.2) | 160 (44.4) | 0.000** |
Service | 52 | 22 (42.3) | 21 (40.4) | |
Housewife/retired | 68 | 20 (29.4) | 20 (29.4) | |
Others | 20 | 18 (90.0) | 16 (80.0) | |
Source of drinking water | ||||
Tapwater | 240 | 105 (43.8) | 98 (40.8) | 0.006** |
Spring | 250 | 125 (50.0) | 113 (45.2) | |
Bottled | 7 | 7 (100) | 6 (85.7) | |
Others | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Duration of gastritis symptoms (years) | ||||
< 1 | 197 | 74 (37.6) | 70 (35.5) | 0.003** |
1–3 | 110 | 60 (54.5) | 57 (51.8) | |
3–4 | 47 | 22 (46.8) | 15 (31.9) | |
> 4 | 146 | 81 (55.5) | 75 (51.4) | |
Household population | ||||
1–3 | 142 | 69 (48.6) | 61 (43.0) | 0.055 |
4–5 | 220 | 108 (49.1) | 97 (44.1) | |
> 5 | 138 | 60 (43.5) | 59 (42.8) | |
Toileting system | ||||
Leads to drainage | 122 | 64 (52.5) | 60 (49.2) | 0.044** |
Closed pit | 365 | 167 (45.8) | 153 (41.9) | |
Others | 13 | 6 (46.2) | 4 (30.8) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Yes | 332 | 169 (50.9) | 156 (47.0) | 0.027** |
No | 168 | 68 (40.5) | 61 (36.3) | |
Tobacco consumption (smoker) | ||||
Yes | 132 | 59 (44.7) | 57 (43.2) | 0.468 |
No | 368 | 178 (48.4) | 160 (43.5) | |
Smokers (n = 132) | ||||
Regular smokers | 78 | 25 (32.1) | 22 (28.2) | 0.000** |
Occasional smokers | 54 | 34 (63.0) | 29 (53.7) | |