Fig. 3

Ex vivo and vitro analysis for β-cell-deficiency and ER stress. a HGF concentration in culture supernatant measured by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SE (n = 3). There was a significant difference in HGF production between the control and β-cell-depleted hyperglycemic mice AMs (P < 0.05). b UPR mRNA expression in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line after insulin starvation. mRNA expression of UPR-related genes: Bip, CHOP, and sXBP-1 evaluated by real-time PCR. mRNA expression was evaluated over time. The results are shown as ratios to the mRNA expression of β-actin and tXBP-1. Data are presented as mean ± SE (n = 3). The mRNA expression of the two UPR-related molecules (Bip and CHOP) was significantly increased after insulin starvation (P < 0.05). Also, the mRNA expression of sXBP-1 was remarkably increased after insulin starvation. c HGF production by RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro under ER stress. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with TM (1 μg/ml), and apoptotic neutrophils were added. Then, the HGF concentration in culture supernatant was measured by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SE (n = 3). There were significant differences in HGF production from RAW264.7 cells with apoptotic cells between cells treated with and without TM (1 μg/ml; P < 0.05), whereas apoptotic cells uptakes were comparable