Fig. 2

HIV-1 infection and culture of resting CD4⁺ T-cell subsets isolated by cell sorting. Subsets of naïve T cells (T_N), or CCR5⁺ or CCR5⁻ memory T cells (T_M), were separately infected and cultured. a Schematic of the protocol of HIV-1 infection and culture. b Representative flow-cytometry profiles of cells from Donor #1 at day 3 and day 5 post-infection (resting or activated), separated according to reporter expression indicating the presence of X4 or R5 HIV-1, with the percentage of each subset indicated (left panels). The intensity of fluorescence for each viral reporter in each cell subset [except for the very low percentage of DsRed⁺ cells (R5⁺) in T_N cells] is shown in the right-hand panels. c Percentages of HIV-1⁺ cells in each CD4⁺ T-cell subset in three donors. d Percentage increases in frequencies of HIV-1⁺ cells following activation were estimated by comparing percentages of HIV-1⁺ cells in the activation condition with those in the resting condition at day 5 post-infection. Significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) were determined by repeated-measures one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. In c and d, HIV-1⁺ cells include the corresponding reporter (either EGFP or DsRed) single-positive cells and double-positive cells