Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor analysis for S. pneumoniae carriage in 477 study participants recruited from Kindergarten at selected woreda in Arsi Zone, February, 2017 to June, 2017

Sex

 Male

244 (51.2)

199 (81.6)

45 (18.4)

1.00 (0.63–1.59)

0.91 (0.54–1.55)

 Female

233 (48.8)

190 (77.3)

53 (22.7)

1

1

Age (year)

 ≤ 3

7 (1.4)

5 (71.4)

2 (28.6)

0.71 (0.13–3.81)

0.82 (0.13–5.30)

 4

74 (15.5)

64 (87.2)

9 (12.2)

2.05 (0.93–4.51)

2.74 (1.12–6.77)

 5

233 (48.5)

189 (82.4)

41 (17.6)

1.33 (0.81–2.19)

1.29 (0.73–2.27)

 6

163 (34.2)

125 (77.9)

36 (22.1)

1

1

Exclusive breast feeding

 Yes

399 (83.6)

344 (86.2)

55 (13.8)

1

1

 No

78 (16.4)

45 (57.7)

33 (42.3)

4.59 (2.70–7.81)

6.00 (3.33–10.80)

Living house

 Ventilated

371 (77.8)

327 (88.2)

44 (11.8)

1

1

 Crowded

106 (22.2)

62 (58.5)

44 (41.5)

5.27 (3.20–8.68)

1.77 (0.89–3.54)

Number of person per house hold

 2–3

240 (50.3)

219 (91.3)

21 (8.7)

1

1

 4–5

192 (40.3)

149 (77.6)

43 (22.4)

11.92 (5.70–24.91)

8.08 (2.94–22.22)

 > 5

45 (9.4)

21 (47.7)

24 (53.3)

3.96 (2.01–7.79)

3.27 (1.50–7.14)

Sharing the same room with the following children

 None

195 (40.9)

174 (89.2)

21 (10.8)

1

1

 < 2 years

79 (16.6)

59 (74.7)

20 (25.3)

1.3 (0.65–2.60)

0.60 (0.26–1.37)

 2–6 years

85 (17.8)

54 (63.5)

31 (36.5)

0.46 (0.22–0.96)

0.43 (0.19–0.95)

 > 6 years

118 (24.7)

102 (86.4)

16 (13.6)

0.29 (0.14–0.54)

0.43 (0.20–0.95)

Number of rooms per house hold

 1–2

168 (35.2)

134 (79.8)

34 (20.2)

1

1

 3–4

261 (54.7)

214 (82.0)

47 (18.0)

0.67 (0.28–1.63)

0.58 (0.21–1.62)

 > 5

48 (10.0)

41 (85.4)

7 (14.6)

0.78 (0.33–1.84)

0.78 (0.31–2.00)

Transportation to KG

 Foot

415 (87.0)

349 (84.1)

66 (15.9)

1

1

 Horse cart

36 (7.5)

25 (69.4)

11 (30.6)

3.88 (1.71–8.82)

2.75 (1.05–7.22)

 Vehicle

25 (5.5)

14 (66.0)

11 (44.0)

0.34 (0.58–4.78)

1.39 (0.42–4.59)

Recent antibiotic use (at least one antibiotics)

 None

394 (82.6)

323 (82.0)

71 (18.0)

1

1

 Within 2–4 weeks

18 (3.8)

17 (94.4)

1 (5.6)

3.74 (0.49–28.54)

7.79 (0.82–74.38)

 Within 1–6 months

43 (9.0)

33 (76.7)

10 (23.3)

0.73 (0.34–1.54)

0.90 (0.40–2.87)

 Within 6–12 months

22 (4.6)

16 (72.7)

6 (27.3)

0.92 (0.40–2.87)

Number of siblings ≤ 6 years in household

 0

311 (65.2)

275 (88.4)

36 (11.6)

1

1

 1–2

140 (29.4)

106 (75.7)

34 (24.3)

17.19 (6.97–42.38)

16.06 (6.21–41.55)

 ≥ 3

26 (5.5)

8 (30.8)

18 (69.2)

7.02 (2.80–17.57)

6.58 (2.52–17.16)

URTIs in the last 3 months one or more episode

 None

398 (83.4)

337 (84.7)

61 (15.3)

1

1

 Tonsillopharyngitis

51 (10.7)

32 (62.7)

19 (37.3)

1.38 (0.29–6.66)

1.36 (0.26–7.21)

 Sinusitis

18 (3.8)

12 (76.7)

6 (33.3)

0.42 (0.08–2.19)

0.47 (0.08–2.61)

 Otitis media

10 (2.1)

8 (80.0)

2 (20.0)

0.50 (0.08–2.19)

0.82 (0.11–6.09)

LRTIs in the last 3 months one or more episode

 None

452 (94.7)

369 (81.6)

83 (18.4)

1

1

 Bronchitis

11 (2.3)

9 (81.9)

2 (18.1)

1.21 (0.33–4.44)

1.50 (0.32–7.04)

 Pneumonia

14 (2.9)

11 (78.6)

3 (21.4)

1.23 (0.17–9.02)

3.43 (0.30–39.57)

Previous hospitalization

 Yes

43 (9.0)

17 (39.5)

26 (60.5)

0.11 (0.06–0.21)

0.10 (0.05–0.21)

 No

434 (90.9)

372 (85.7)

62 (14.3)

1

1

Passive exposure to cigarette smoking

 Yes

28 (5.9)

16 (57.1)

12 (42.9)

0.27 (0.12–0.60)

0.26 (0.10–0.67)

 No

449 (94.2)

373 (83.1)

76 (16.9)

1

1