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Table 2 Socio-demographic factors predicting the practice of skin toning products

From: Prevalence and patterns of skin toning practices among female students in Ghana: a cross-sectional university-based survey

Variable

COR (95% CI)

Bi-variate analysis

AOR (95% CI)

Multi-variate analysis

Age

 Less than 20

1.00

 

 20

0.680 (0.372–1.242)*

0.491 (0.204–1.184)

 21

2.073 (1.116–3.849)*

0.400 (0.121–1.320)*

 22

1.305 (0.751–2.266)

0.712 (2.27–2.234)

 23

.354 (0.104–1.208)

0.001 (0.000–0.011)

 24

0.06 (0.001–0.005)

0.027 (0.002–0.007)

 25 and above

1.595 (0.458–5.555)

3.718 (0.467–6.12)

Marital status

 Single

1.00

1.00

 Married

0.045 (0.232–0.511)

1.592 (3.98–6.368)

Skin colour

 Fair

1.00

1.00

 Dark

2.7 (1.398–3.203)*

3.287 (1.503–7.187)*

Family physician

 Yes

1.00

1.00

 No

0.574 (1.393–3.86)

1.415 (0.646–3.097)

Where respondents grew up

 Rural

1.00

1.00

 Urban

0.255 (0.934–3.43)*

2.132 (4.46–10.185)

Nature of school attended

 Private

1.00

1.00

 Public

2.998 (0.72–15.06)*

1.9 (1.1–3.56)*

Category of school attended

 Mixed school

1.00

1.00

 Girls school

6.72 (3.410–15.06)*

10.764 (4.2–27.3)*

Level of student

 Level 100

1.00

1.00

 Level 200

0.467 (0.280–0.778)*

10.764 (4.23–27.336)*

 Level 300

0.267 (1.129–0.553)*

0.035 (0.006–0.191)*

 Level 400

2.416 (1.261–4.630)*

49.327 (8.48–286.9)*

Income (GHS)

 Less than 100

1.00

1.00

 101–200

0.619 (0.331–1.157)*

0.144 (0.05–0.412)*

 201–300

0.348 (0.173–0.699)*

1.2 (0.8–1.63)*

 301–400

0.404 (0.177–0.923)*

0.346 (0.09–1.328)*

 401–500

0.166 (0.060–0.459)*

0.001 (0.000–0.006)*

 More than 500

1.01 (0.489–2.085)*

2.118 (0.419–10.703)*

Religion

 Christianity

1.00

1.00

 Islam

2.005 (0.534–7.530)

0.002 (0.001–0.007)

 Traditional

0.243 (0.076–0.778)

0.219 (0.012-4.155)

Ethnicity

 Akan

1.00

1.00

 Ewe

2.983 (1.475–6.034)*

21.893 (2.469–194.315)

 Ga

1.641 (0.769–3.502)

7.148 (1.211–42.211)

 Northerner

0.003 (0.001–0.008)

0.04 (0.002–0.009)

Programme

 Health-related

1.00

1.00

 Non-health related

0.891 (0.554–1.434)

1.907 (0.832–4.368)

  1. CI confidence interval, COR crude odd ratio, AOR adjusted odd ratio, 1.00 reference
  2. p < 0.05