Table 2 Univariate analysis for factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension among Thai adults with hypertension

Gender

 Female

31,077 (76.1)

9757 (23.9)

1

 Male

18,468 (74.4)

6365 (25.6)

1.10

(1.06–1.14)

Age (years)

64.9 ± 11.4

60.7 ± 12.2

0.97

(0.97–0.97)

 20–29

48 (49.0)

50 (51.0)

1

 30–39

625 (58.0)

452 (42.0)

0.69

(0.46–1.05)

 40–49

4064 (63.7)

2319 (36.3)

0.55

(0.37–0.82)

 50–59

10,811 (66.4)

5465 (33.6)

0.49

(0.33–0.72)

 60–69

16,251 (81.4)

3715 (18.6)

0.22

(0.15–0.33)

 70–79

12,613 (81.3)

2898 (18.7)

0.22

(0.15–0.33)

 80–89

4697 (80.5)

1135 (19.5)

0.23

(0.16–0.35)

 ≥ 90

384 (84.2)

72 (15.8)

0.18

(0.11–0.29)

Region

 Northeast

11,813 (79.5)

3051 (20.5)

1

 Northern

13,717 (76.1)

4315 (23.9)

1.22

(1.16–1.28)

 Central

17,101 (74.0)

6003 (26.0)

1.36

(1.29–1.43)

 Southern

6914 (71.5)

2753 (28.5)

1.54

(1.45–1.64)

Hospital level

 First level

35,160 (77.2)

10,381 (22.8)

1

 Middle level

10,668 (71.0)

4362 (29.0)

1.39

(1.33–1.44)

 Standard/advance level

3717 (72.9)

1379 (27.1)

1.26

(1.18–1.34)

Healthcare coverage

 Universal coverage scheme

36,881 (75.7)

11,866 (24.3)

1

 Government officer

10,193 (77.3)

2988 (22.7)

0.91

(0.87–0.95)

 Social security scheme

1903 (64.9)

1028 (35.1)

1.68

(1.55–1.82)

 Others

568 (70.3)

240 (29.7)

1.31

(1.13–1.53)

Occupations

 Unemployed/retired

17,809 (79.4)

4629 (20.6)

1

 Agriculturist

2387 (71.3)

959 (28.7)

1.55

(1.43–1.68)

 Private business

17,266 (76.2)

5383 (23.8)

1.20

(1.15–1.25)

 Officer

2706 (70.8)

1114 (29.2)

1.58

(1.47–1.71)

 Others

9377 (69.9)

4037 (30.1)

1.66

(1.58–1.74)

Dyslipidemia

 No

18,345 (74.9)

6151 (25.1)

1

 Yes

31,200 (75.8)

9971 (24.2)

0.95

(0.92–0.99)

Diabetes mellitus

 No

43,311 (75.9)

13,728 (24.1)

1

 Yes

6234 (72.3)

2394 (27.7)

1.21

(1.15–1.28)

Gout

 No

45,755 (75.5)

14,829 (24.5)

1

 Yes

3790 (74.6)

1293 (25.4)

1.05

(0.99–1.12)

Smoking

 Never

38,552 (76.0)

12,181 (24.0)

1

 Ex-smoker

5801 (76.1)

1823 (23.9)

0.99

(0.94–1.05)

 Current smoker

2202 (72.6)

833 (27.4)

1.20

(1.10–1.30)

Duration of hypertension (years)

6.6 ± 4.1

6.4 ± 4.0

0.99

(0.98–0.99)

Waist circumference (cm)

85.8 ± 10.6

87.8 ± 11.1

1.02

(1.01–1.02)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 4.5

25.9 ± 4.9

1.06

(1.06–1.06)

 < 25

27,156 (79.6)

6981 (20.4)

1

 25–29.99

15,227 (73.2)

5570 (26.8)

1.42

(1.37–1.48)

 30–34.99

4309 (67.5)

2077 (32.5)

1.88

(1.77–1.99)

 ≥ 35

1048 (59.9)

703 (40.1)

2.61

(2.36–2.88)

Biochemical measurements

 Serum uric acid (mg/dL)

6.1 ± 1.8

6.2 ± 1.9

1.04

(1.03–1.06)

 TC (mg/dL)

192.3 ± 43.1

198.1 ± 49.0

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

 TG (mg/dL)

148.8 ± 87.3

157.5 ± 94.6

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

 HDL (mg/dL)

50.7 ± 15.8

50.8 ± 15.2

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

 LDL (mg/dL)

114.0 ± 36.4

118.5 ± 38.1

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

70.2 ± 23.2

73.7 ± 24.7

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

 ≥ 90

9732 (71.2)

3946 (28.8)

1

 60–89

19,314 (76.5)

5949 (23.5)

0.76

(0.73–0.80)

 30–59

12,974 (79.0)

3444 (21.0)

0.66

(0.62–0.69)

 15–29

1274 (77.3)

375 (22.7)

0.73

(0.64–0.82)

 < 15

511 (69.9)

220 (30.1)

1.06

(0.90–1.25)

Number of antihypertensive medications

 0

930 (83.8)

180 (16.2)

1

 1

20,717 (79.2)

5436 (20.8)

1.36

(1.15–1.60)

 2

20,148 (74.1)

7027 (25.9)

1.80

(1.53–2.12)

 ≥ 3

7750 (69.0)

3479 (31.0)

2.32

(1.97–2.73)

Drug classes (monotherapy)

 ARB

1953 (76.6)

595 (23.4)

1

 ACEI

5520 (77.1)

1644 (22.9)

0.98

(0.88–1.09)

 Anti-adrenergic

2060 (78.4)

566 (21.6)

0.90

(0.79–1.03)

 Diuretics

2697 (80.9)

635 (19.1)

0.77

(0.68–0.88)

 CCBs

8301 (81.2)

1921 (18.8)

0.76

(0.68–0.84)