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Table 3 Factors associated with low birth weight in Sawula town, Southern Ethiopia, 2016

From: Nutritional and non-nutritional factors associated with low birth weight in Sawula Town, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Variables

Birth weight

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

Low

Normal

Crude

Adjusted

Age of mothers (years)

 15–24

25

104

2.50 (0.90, 6.90)

1.94 (0.68, 5.58)

 25–34

32

139

2.41 (0.89, 6.52)

1.88 (0.67, 5.21)

 35 and above

5

52

1r

1r

Residence

 Rural

27

175

0.53 (0.31, 0.93)*

0.89 (0.39, 2.10)

 Urban

35

121

1r

1r

Maternal education

 Illiterate

23

160

0.39 (0.18, 0.83)*

0.50 (0.15, 1.73)

 Formal education

25

98

0.69 (0.33, 1.47)

0.52 (0.19, 1.37)

 Tertiary education

14

38

1r

1r

Education level of husband

 Illiterate

20

157

0.48 (0.22, 1.04)

0.48 (0.22, 1.03)

 Formal education

29

90

1.22 (0.58, 2.25)

1.20 (0.57, 2.53)

 Tertiary education

13

49

1r

1r

Wealth index

 Poorest

12

59

0.59 (0.26, 1.32)

0.72 (0.31, 1.67)

 Poorer

12

59

0.59 (0.26, 1.32)

0.62 (0.27, 1.41)

 Middle

11

73

0.44 (0.19, 0.99)*

0.55 (0.23, 1.29)

 Richer

7

45

0.45 (0.18, 1.16)

0.62 (0.23, 1.69)

 Richest

20

58

1r

1r

Hemoglobin (mg/dl)

 Hg < 11 mg/dl

29

37

6.15 (3.35, 11.27)*

3.42 (1.73, 6.78)*

 Hg > 11 Mg/dl

33

259

1r

1r

Height of mothers

 Less than 150 cm

33

46

6.18 (3.42, 11.15)*

1.79 (0.88, 3.60)

 Greater or equals 150 cm

29

250

1r

1r

Additional meal at pregnancy

 Yes

16

143

0.37 (0.20, 0.68)*

0.78 (0.33, 1.85)

 No

46

152

1r

1r

Deworming at pregnancy

 Yes

3

69

0.16 (0.05, 0.55)*

0.55 (0.14, 2.12)

 No

58

226

1r

1r

Maternal MUAC

 Thin

54

108

11.75 (5.39, 25.61)*

6.51 (2.85, 14.91)*

 Normal

8

188

1r

1r

Parity

 Primipara

30

92

2.07 (1.19, 3.62)*

1.87 (0.97, 3.59)

 Multipara

32

204

1r

1r

Frequency of ANC follow up

 Not attended at all

7

27

2.19 (0.82, 5.83)

0.88 (0.27, 2.92)

 Inadequate

39

134

2.46 (1.31, 4.61)**

0.87 (0.40, 1.93)

 Adequate

16

135

1r

1r

Hyperemesis gravidurium

 Yes

19

57

1.85 (1.00, 3.41)*

1.36 (0.62, 2.99)

 No

43

239

1r

1r

Frequency of taking dairy products

 Often

30

231

0.25 (0.10, 0.59)*

0.36 (0.13, 0.98)*

 Sometimes

21

43

0.75 (0.35, 2.41)

0.79 (0.29, 2.09)

 Seldom

13

20

1r

1r

Frequency of eating flesh foods

 Often

14

90

0.81 (0.40, 1.46)

1.27 (0.49, 3.29)

 Sometimes

21

67

1.64 (0.86, 3.12)

0.75 (0.28, 2.02)

 Seldom

26

136

1r

1r

Frequency of eating eggs

 Often

19

142

0.47 (0.24, 0.92)*

2.20 (0.87, 5.61)

 Sometimes

21

77

0.95 (0.48, 1.88)

1.43 (0.62, 3.32)

 Seldom

21

73

1r

1r

  1. 1r Set as a reference category
  2. * Statistically significant association at p-value of 0.05