Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with depression among HIV/AIDS patients at Gimbi General hospital, West Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 393)
Variables | Depression | COR (95%) CI | Unadjusted P value | AOR (95%) CI | Adjusted P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | |||||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 72 (40.7%) | 105 (59.3%) | 0.924 (0.61, 1.38) | 0.70 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.86) | 0.35 |
Female | 92 (42.6%) | 124 (57.4%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
18–28 | 58 (40.8%) | 84 (59.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
29–38 | 57 (40.7%) | 83 (59.3%) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.59) | 0.98 | 0.82 (0.28, 2.36) | 0.72 |
39–48 | 22 (39.3) | 34 (60.7%) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.76) | 0.84 | 0.37 (0.07, 1.96) | 0.24 |
> 48 | 27 (49.1%) | 28 (50.9%) | 1.39 (0.74, 2.61) | 0.29 | 0.82 (0.22, 3.07) | 0.77 |
Religion | ||||||
Protestant | 75 (41.2%) | 107 (58.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Orthodox | 44 (41.5%) | 62 (58.5%) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.64) | 0.96 | 0.75 (0.27, 2.02) | 0.57 |
Muslim | 24 (49.0%) | 25 (51.0%) | 1.37 (0.72, 2.58) | 0.33 | 0.63 (0.17, 2.28) | 0.48 |
Catholic | 16 (34.8%) | 30 (65.2%) | 0.76 (0.38, 1.49) | 0.47 | 1.33 (0.32, 5.49) | 0.69 |
Others | 5 (50.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 1.42 (0.39, 5.10) | 0.58 | 2.10 (0.80, 8.22) | 0.71 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 51 (38.6%) | 81 (61.4%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Single | 73 (42.0%) | 101 (58.0%) | 1.14 (0.72, 1.82) | 0.55 | 0.55 (0.20, 1.53) | 0.25 |
Divorced | 22 (44.9%) | 27 (55.1%) | 1.29 (0.66, 2.51) | 0.44 | 0.95 (0.23, 3.89) | 0.94 |
Widowed | 18 (47.4%) | 20 (52.6%) | 1.42 (0.69, 2.95) | 0.33 | 0.83 (0.13, 5.26) | 0.84 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Oromo | 93 (39.7%) | 141 (60.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Amhara | 49 (46.2%) | 57 (53.8%) | 1.30 (0.82, 2.07) | 0.26 | 2.18 (0.84, 5.61) | 0.10 |
Tigre | 11 (45.8%) | 13 (54.2%) | 1.28 (0.55, 2.98) | 0.56 | 1.32 (0.28, 6.13) | 0.71 |
Gurage | 7 (43.8%) | 9 (56.2%) | 1.12 (0.42, 3.27) | 0.75 | 1.69 (0.19, 14.6) | 0.63 |
Others | 4 (30.8%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.67 (0.20, 2.25) | 0.52 | 0.15 (0.01, 2.32) | 0.17 |
Educational status | ||||||
No formal education | 13 (43.3%) | 17 (56.7%) | 1.20 (0.50, 2.88) | 0.67 | 1.08 (0.15, 7.50) | 0.93 |
Primary school (1–8) | 54 (42.2%) | 74 (57.8%) | 1.15 (0.62, 2.10) | 0.64 | 2.05 (0.54, 7.67) | 0.28 |
Secondary school (9–12) | 71 (42.3%) | 97 (57.7%) | 1.15 (0.64, 2.05) | 0.62 | 1.78 (0.55, 5.78) | 0.33 |
College and above | 26 (38.8%) | 41 (61.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 55 (43.0%) | 73 (57.7%) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.65) | 0.72 | 0.87 (0.34, 2.17) | 0.76 |
Rural | 109 (41.1%) | 156 (58.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Government employee | 19 (36.5%) | 33 (63.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Private employee | 50 (41.3%) | 71 (58.7%) | 1.22 (0.62, 2.39) | 0.55 | 1.80 (0.48, 6.72) | 0.37 |
Farmer | 51 (53.7%) | 44 (46.3%) | 2.01 (1.00, 4.02) | 0.04* | 1.50 (0.38, 5.91) | 0.55 |
Merchant | 43 (39.4%) | 66 (60.6%) | 1.13 (0.57, 2.24) | 0.72 | 2.06 (0.54, 7.77) | 0.28 |
Others | 1 (6.2%) | 15 (93.8%) | 0.11 (0.01, 0.94) | 0.04* | 0.07 (0.04, 1.31) | 0.75 |
Income | ||||||
< 500 EB | 51 (47.2%) | 57 (52.8%) | 0.62 (0.28, 1.36) | 0.24* | 0.92 (0.15, 5.54) | 0.92 |
500–1000 EB | 39 (39.8%) | 59 (60.2%) | 0.46 (0.20, 1.02) | 0.05* | 0.49 (0.07, 3.09) | 0.44 |
1001–1500 EB | 29 (37.2%) | 49 (62.8%) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.94) | 0.03* | 0.85 (0.13, 5.25) | 0.86 |
1501–2000 EB | 25 (33.3%) | 50 (66.7%) | 0.35 (0.15, 0.80) | 0.01* | 0.63 (0.10, 3.80) | 0.62 |
> 2000 EB | 20 (58.8%) | 14 (41.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Living companion | ||||||
Yes | 73 (27.7%) | 191 (72.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 91 (70.5%) | 38 (29.5) | 6.26 (3.93, 9.97) | 0.01* | 3.33 (1.58, 9.96) | 0.09 |
CD4 cell | ||||||
< 200 | 31 (49.2%) | 32 (50.8%) | 0.44 (0.13, 1.41) | 0.16* | 0.49 (0.04, 5.70) | 0.57 |
200–500 | 70 (38.7%) | 111 (61.3%) | 0.28 (0.096, 0.86) | 0.02* | 0.27 (0.02, 2.74) | 0.26 |
501–800 | 52 (39.1%) | 81 (60.9%) | 0.29 (0.09, 0.88) | 0.03* | 0.31 (0.03, 3.14) | 0.32 |
> 800 | 11 (68.8%) | 5 (31.2% | 1 | 1 | ||
HIV stage | ||||||
Stage I | 45 (38.5%) | 72 (61.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Stage II | 49 (32.0%) | 104 (68.0%) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.24) | 0.27 | 0.74 (0.31, 1.76) | 0.50 |
Stage III | 33 (45.8%) | 39 (54.2%) | 1.35 (0.74, 2.45) | 0.31 | 2.15 (0.74, 6.23) | 0.15 |
Stage IV | 37 (72.5%) | 14 (27.5%) | 4.22 (2.06, 8.67) | < 0.001* | 2.31 (0.60, 8.86) | 0.22 |
Family/social support | ||||||
Poor | 45 (65.2%) | 24 (34.8%) | 2.79 (1.56, 4.99) | <0.001* | 9.97 (3.57, 27.86) | 0.000** |
Moderate | 48 (32.7%) | 99 (67.3%) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.14) | 0.16* | 1.38 (0.60, 3.13) | 0.44 |
Strong | 71 (40.1%) | 106 (59.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Perceived stigma | ||||||
Yes | 115 (78.8%) | 31 (21.2%) | 14.99 (9.04, 24.84) | < 0.001* | 6.98 (3.07, 15.86) | 0.000** |
No | 49 (19.8%) | 198 (80.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Substance use | ||||||
Yes | 128 (81.5%) | 29 (18.5%) | 24.52 (14.33, 41.95) | 0.04* | 5.06 (2.39, 10.75) | 0.17 |
No | 36 (15.3%) | 200 (84.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Disease duration (years) | ||||||
< 1 | 20 (37.0%) | 34 (63.0%) | 1 | 1 | ||
1–5 | 53 (38.7%) | 84 (61.3%) | 1.07 (0.56, 2.05) | 0.83 | 0.64 (0.14, 2.78) | 0.55 |
6–10 | 74 (50.0%) | 74 (50.0%) | 1.70 (0.89, 3.22) | 0.10* | 1.37 (0.32, 5.77) | 0.66 |
> 10 | 17 (31.5%) | 37 (68.5%) | 0.78 (0.35, 1.73) | 0.54 | 0.58 (0.10, 3.24) | 0.54 |
Treatment duration (years) | ||||||
< 1 | 27 (37.5%) | 45 (62.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
1–5 | 65 (39.6%) | 99 (60.4%) | 1.09 (0.61, 1.93) | 0.75 | 2.35 (0.77, 7.14) | 0.13 |
6–10 | 68 (48.6%) | 72 (51.4%) | 1.57 (0.88, 2.81) | 0.12* | 4.0 (1.28, 12.51) | 0.17 |
> 10 | 4 (23.5%) | 13 (76.5%) | 0.51 (0.15, 1.73) | 0.28 | 3.21 (0.40, 25.69) | 0.20 |
Adherence to medication | ||||||
Yes | 59 (24.1%) | 186 (75.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 105 (70.9%) | 43 (29.1%) | 7.69 (4.85, 12.19) | 0.003* | 4.92 (1.84, 13.11) | 0.061 |
Adverse drug reaction | ||||||
Yes | 103 (82.4%) | 22 (17.6%) | 15.88 (9.24, 27.30) | < 0.001* | 3.73 (1.58, 8.81) | 0.003** |
No | 61 (22.8%) | 207 (77.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
History of other chronic illness | ||||||
Yes | 20 (66.7%) | 10 (33.3%) | 3.04 (1.38, 6.68) | 0.006* | 6.14 (1.66, 22.68) | 0.006** |
No | 144 (39.7%) | 219 (60.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Opportunistic infection | ||||||
Yes | 89 (72.4%) | 34 (27.6%) | 6.80 (4.22, 10.96) | < 0.001* | 9.38 (4.21, 20.89) | 0.000** |
No | 75 (27.8%) | 195 (72.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||