Fig. 2

Efficacy of experiments in the laboratory, field and urban areas. a Efficacy of the laboratory application in the pupae over 8 days. b Efficacy of the field application of the EPF formulation on plants with controlled infestations. c Efficacy of urban applications of the EPF formulation on infested vines in gardens. In both b and c the treatments were as follows: the first treatment was performed with one application on day one. Treatment two was performed with two applications: one on day one and one on day seven. Treatment three was performed with three applications: on days 1, 7 and 14. Each treatment was inspected 7 days after each application. The evaluation of efficacy was performed after 48 h at 25 °C. The in vitro and field efficacy results were calculated with the method of Abbott. The efficacy results for the urban assay were calculated with the method of Henderson and Tilton. The same letters in each bar chart indicate that there was no statistically significant difference by Tukey’s HSD test (α = 0.05)