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Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for occupational injuries among frontline building construction workers in Ghana, 2016/17

From: Predisposing factors influencing occupational injury among frontline building construction workers in Ghana

Variables

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Crude odd ratio (OR; 95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted odd ratio (aOR; 95% CI)

P-value

Age group

 15–24 years (ref)

1.00

–

1.00

–

 25–34 years

0.77 (0.51, 1.16)

0.21

0.41 (0.20, 0.80)

0.009

 35–44 years

1.04 (0.64, 1.69)

0.88

0.53 (0.19, 1.44)

0.21

 45+ year

2.48 (1.20, 5.13)

0.01

0.78 (0.23, 2.63)

0.68

Sex of worker

 Female (ref)

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Male

5.51 (2.90, 10.45)

0.001

6.07 (2.41, 15.29)

0.001

Marital status

 Single (ref)

1.00

–

–

–

 Married

1.25 (0.91, 1.73)

0.18

–

–

Educational level

 No formal education ref

1.00

–

–

–

 Basic education

0.65 (0.42, 0.99)

0.04

–

–

 High school

0.61 (0.36, 1.03)

0.06

–

–

 Tertiary

0.75 (0.27, 2.14)

0.60

–

–

Working experience (years)

 1–4 years

0.23 (0.09, 0.56)

0.001

–

–

 5–9 years

0.41 (0.16, 1.07)

0.068

–

–

 10–20 years

0.34 (0.13, 0.87)

0.02

–

–

 21+ (Ref)

1.00

–

–

–

Income

 360–499 [84.2–116.7] (ref)

1

–

1

–

 500–999 [116.9–233.6]

1.28 (0.50, 3.24)

0.610

1.37 (0.38, 4.92)

0.62

 1000–1499 [233.8–350.5]

3.79 (1.45, 9.92)

0.007

3.52 (0.98, 12.64)

0.05

 1500 + [350.8]

30.25 (3.35, 273)

0.002

22.63 (1.60, 320.51)

0.02

Work structure

 Daily paid worker (by day work) (Ref)

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Temporal contract workers

1.24 (0.87, 1.76)

0.231

2.03 (1.25, 3.31)

0.004

 Permanent worker

4.60 (2.68, 7.89)

0.001

3.97 (1.93, 8.17)

0.001

Trade specialization

 Mason (ref)

1

–

1

–

 Labourer

1.85 (1.27, 2.69)

0.001

0.77 (0.37, 1.57)

0.46

 Carpenter

0.46 (0.24, 0.89)

0.02

1.09 (0.40, 3.00)

0.85

 Steel bender

1.33 (0.61, 2.89)

0.47

0.22 (0.07, 0.64)

0.01

Working hours

 4–6 h

0.12 (0.05, 0.25)

0.001

0.05 (0.02, 0.15)

0.001

 7–9 h

0.23 (0.09, 0.63)

0.004

0.16 (0.04, 0.36)

0.009

 10+ h (ref)

1

–

1

–

Safety instruction

 No

1.27 (0.82, 1.99)

0.27

–

–

 Yes (ref)

1

–

–

–

Currently smoking

 Never smoked (ref)

1.00

–

–

–

 Currently smokes

2.41 (0.78, 7.49)

0.13

–

–

Alcohol consumption

 Do not consume (ref)

1.00

–

–

–

 Consume

1.69 (1.13, 2.55)

0.010

–

–

Job/task location

 Rooftop

1

–

 

–

 Lower floor/ground

0.22 (0.09, 0.48)

0.001

0.61 (0.16, 2.31)

0.46

 Height from ground

0.19 (0.08, 0.45)

0.001

0.82 (0.21, 3.26)

0.78

 All location

0.18 (0.80, 0.38)

0.001

0.29 (0.85, 1.01)

0.05

Daily production target

 No

1

–

–

–

 Yes

0.75 (0.53, 1.05)

0.100

–

–

Monthly off days

 No

1

–

–

–

 Yes

0.20 (0.11, 0.38)

0.001

0.96 (0.04, 0.24)

0.001

Monthly working days

 20 days

1

–

–

–

 24 days

0.86 (0.54, 1.34)

0.496

–

–

 26 days

0.48 (0.15, 1.49)

0.203

–

–

 30 days

2.55 (0.51, 12.68)

0.252

–

–

  1. Significant values are in italics