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Table 3 Differences between pretest and posttest for particular cognitive measures: one-way tests computed separately in both groups

From: Effects of virtual reality-based cognitive training in older adults living without and with mild dementia: a pretest–posttest design pilot study

Cognitive measures

Groups

Pretest M (SD)

Posttest M (SD)

Fisher’s F

p value

Partial eta squared

Digit symbol WAIS-R (PL)

HOA

39.917 (13.883)

41.859 (10.801)

3.45

0.067

0.046

MD

30.962 (13.347)

32.067 (13.904)

1.183

0.286

0.044

CTT-1 time

HOA

67.389 (27.690)

61.930 (22.843)

2.952

0.090

0.04

MD

105.667 (84.748)

88.080 (40.528)

1.318

0.261

0.048

CTT-1 errors

HOA

0.097 (0.342)

0.028 (0.166)

2.816

0.098

0.038

MD

0.222 (0.506)

0.040 (0.192)

2.933

0.099

0.101

CTT-2 time

HOA

130.014 (51.600)

120.761 (45.302)

5.167

0.026

0.068

MD

180.815 (107.236)

193.960 (122.325)

1.67

0.208

0.06

CTT-2 errors

HOA

0.222 (0.717)

0.211 (0.579)

0.017

0.898

0.0002

MD

0.704 (1.660)

0.520 (1.244)

0.896

0.352

0.033

d2 WZ

HOA

316.493 (125.297)

350.901 (143.112)

18.287

< .001

0.205

MD

392.958 (99.711)

387.318 (118.466)

0.162

0.691

0.006

d2%B

HOA

23.870 (34.578)

15.273 (14.907)

5.838

0.018

0.076

MD

18.945 (13.410)

16.299 (11.794)

4.364

0.047

0.144

d2 WZ-B

HOA

256.155 (126.183)

300.167 (134.440)

42.946

< .001

0.377

MD

320.708 (98.540)

328.00 (116.011)

0.382

0.542

0.014

d2 ZK

HOA

111.329 (47.701)

129.690 (50.946)

14.674

< .001

0.171

MD

100.375 (48.374)

105.903 (48.714)

1.005

0.325

0.047

Block design WAIS-R (PL)

HOA

21.833 (8.454)

24.183 (8.118)

12.509

< .001

0.15

MD

15.852 (9.623)

17.017 (9.433)

2.433

0.131

0.086

ROCF copy

HOA

33.028 (4.663)

33.809 (2.893)

1.804

0.184

0.025

MD

29.596 (7.094)

32.562 (4.878)

8.867

0.006

0.254

ROCF delayed recall

HOA

19.146 (8.329)

21.735 (7.233)

9.795

0.003

0.121

MD

12.481 (6.693)

12.945 (6.811)

0.216

0.646

0.008

Digit span—forward WAIS-R (PL)

HOA

5.693 (1.931)

5.704 (1.731)

0.21

0.648

0.003

MD

5.519 (2.471)

5.269 (2.176)

0.651

0.427

0.024

Digit span—backward WAIS-R (PL)

HOA

5.042 (1.699)

5.479 (1.635)

6.619

0.012

0.085

MD

3.963 (1.190)

3.769 (1.219)

0.435

0.515

0.016

AVLT list A, trial 1

HOA

5.268 (1.784)

5.409 (1.553)

0.353

0.555

0.005

MD

4.259 (1.583)

4.346 (1.413)

0.089

0.767

0.003

AVLT list A, trial 5

HOA

11.437 (2.354)

11.310 (2.481)

0.268

0.606

0.004

MD

8.407 (2.620)

8.692 (2.126)

0.694

0.412

0.026

AVLT list B

HOA

5.113 (2.140)

4.634 (2.050)

2.848

0.096

0.039

MD

4.000 (1.144)

3.962 (1.285)

0.027

0.871

0.001

AVLT list A, trial 6

HOA

9.070 (3.069)

9.366 (3.181)

0.894

0.348

0.012

MD

6.037 (2.981)

6.500 (3.153)

0.623

0.437

0.023

AVLT list A, trial 7

HOA

9.254 (3.066)

8.873 (3.801)

1.036

0.312

0.014

MD

5.704 (3.440)

6.154 (3.371)

1.013

0.323

0.038

AVLT list A, recognition

HOA

14.056 (1.727)

14.056 (1.694)

0.000

1.000

0.000

MD

13.852 (4.688)

13.360 (4.419)

0.272

0.607

0.01

BVRT correct reproductions indicator

HOA

5.889 (1.781)

6.189 (1.962)

2.457

0.121

0.033

MD

4.444 (2.259)

3.692 (1.957)

5.17

0.031

0.166

BVRT errors indicator

HOA

6.292 (3.009)

5.455 (3.125)

7.234

0.009

0.092

MD

9.519 (4.219)

9.885 (4.585)

0.221

0.643

0.008

Famous faces test

HOA

9.583 (1.432)

9.471 (1.774)

0.544

0.463

0.008

MD

7.444 (2.154)

7.600 (2.465)

0.154

0.698

0.006

Verbal fluency (ACE-III)

HOA

10.958 (2.236)

11.343 (2.426)

2.576

0.113

0.035

MD

8.778 (2.913)

8.630 (3.628)

0.07

0.794

0.003

Boston naming test

HOA

57.722 (3.027)

58.000 (2.974)

1.71

0.195

0.024

MD

55.259 (5.620)

55.577 (5.500)

0.513

0.48

0.019

  1. HOA healthy older adults, MD older adults with mild dementia