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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (N = 419)

From: Medication adherence and survival among hospitalized heart failure patients in a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: a prospective cohort study

Characteristic

All

Poor adherence

Good adherence

p-value

(N = 419)

(n = 313)

(n = 106)

Age

46.4 (18.9)

45.5 (19.0)

49.1 (18.6)

0.09

Age groups

 < 30

103 (24.6%)

82 (26.2%)

21 (19.8%)

0.19

 30–50

129 (30.8%)

96 (30.7%)

33 (31.1%)

0.94

 > 50

187 (44.6%)

135 (43.1%)

52 (49.1%)

0.28

Sex

 Male

182 (43.4%)

139 (44.4%)

43 (40.6%)

0.5

 Female

237 (56.6%)

174 (55.6%)

63 (59.4%)

 

Residence

 Urban

283 (67.5%)

197 (62.9%)

86 (81.1%)

0.001

 Rural

136 (32.5%)

116 (37.1%)

20 (18.9%)

 

Marital status

 Single

100 (23.9%)

82 (26.2%)

18 (17.0%)

0.05

 Married

296 (70.6%)

213 (68.1%)

83 (78.3%)

0.05

 Divorced/widowed

23 (05.5%)

18 (05.7%)

5 (04.7%)

0.67

Education

 None

16 (03.8%)

12 (03.9%)

4 (03.8%)

0.96

 Primary

295 (70.4%)

248 (79.2%)

47 (44.3%)

<0.001

 Secondary

68 (16.2%)

36 (11.5%)

32 (30.2%)

<0.001

 University

40 (09.6%)

17 (05.4%)

23 (21.7%)

<0.001

Occupation

 None

76 (18.1%)

47 (15.0%)

29 (27.3%)

<0.01

 Employed/self-employed

311 (74.3%)

250 (79.9%)

61 (57.6%)

<0.001

 Retired

32 (07.6%)

16 (05.1%)

16 (15.1%)

0.001

Body mass index

25.1 (05.2)

24.8 (04.2)

26.0 (07.4)

0.04

BMI categories

 Underweight

11 (02.6%)

7 (02.2%)

4 (03.8%)

0.37

 Normal

243 (58. 0%)

188 (60.1%)

55 (51.9%)

0.14

 Overweight

105 (25.1%)

79 (25.2%)

26 (24.5%)

0.89

 Obese

60 (14.3%)

39 (12.5%)

21 (19.8%)

0.06

Health insured

 Yes

93 (22.2%)

32 (10.2%)

61 (57.6%)

<0.001

 No

326 (77.8%)

281 (89.8%)

45 (42.4%)

 

HF etiology

 DCM

113 (27.0%)

78 (24.9%)

34 (32.1%)

0.15

 HHD

168 (40.1%)

134 (42.8%)

35 (33.0%)

0.08

 RHD

97 (23.2%)

72 (23.0%)

25 (23.6%)

0.9

 Others

41 (09.8%)

29 (09.3%)

12 (11.3%)

0.55

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

221 (52.7%)

171 (54.6%)

50 (47.2%)

0.19

 Diabetes

57 (13.6%)

39 (12.5%)

18 (17.0%)

0.24

 HIV/AIDS

28 (06.7%)

15 (04.8%)

13 (12.3%)

0.01

 Renal insufficiency

215 (51.3%)

163 (52.1%)

52 (49.1%)

0.59

  eGFR < 15

100 (23.9%)

80 (25.6%)

20 (18.9%)

0.16

 Anemia

302 (72.1%)

234 (74.8%)

68 (64.2%)

0.04

  Hb < 8 g/dL

99 (23.6%)

75 (24.0%)

24 (22.6%)

0.77

NYHA class

 II

30 (07.2%)

19 (06.0%)

11 (10.4%)

0.13

 III

153 (36.5%)

112 (35.8%)

41 (38.7%)

0.59

 IV

236 (56.3%)

182 (58.2%)

54 (50.9%)

0.19

Systolic functions

 Preserved (HFpEF)

135 (32.2%)

96 (71.1%)

39 (28.9%)

0.24

 Reduced (HFrEF)

284 (67.8%)

217 (76.4%)

67 (23.6%)

 

Admission days

14.0 (13.3)

13.8 (13.4)

14.3 (12.8)

0.74

HF-related hospitalization

 1st

211 (50.4%)

167 (53.3%)

44 (41.5%)

0.04

 > 1

208 (49.6%)

146 (46.7%)

62 (58.5%)

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