Fig. 2

The simulated humans and pathogens populations are shown in (a, b) respectively. Effects of the constants \(\alpha _1\) and \(\alpha _2\) which determines the rate of new infections, are shown in (c–f): \(\alpha _1=0.1, \alpha _2=0.1\), is depicted by the continuous line, \(\alpha _1=0.05, \alpha _2=0.1\) is depicted by the dashed line, and \(\alpha _1=0.1, \alpha _2=0.05\) is depicted by the dotted line