Had an eye examination since diabetes diagnosis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | n | p value | |
Overall | 49.0 | [41.4–56.6] | 325 | |
Predisposing factors | ||||
Age | ||||
15–44 years | 31.0 | [16.3–50.8] | 41 | 0.024 |
45–54 years | 42.6 | [30.4–55.7] | 92 | |
55–64 years | 59.6 | [47.3–70.7] | 108 | |
≥ 65 years | 59.6 | [45.3–72.4] | 84 | |
Sex | ||||
Males | 50.0 | [37.5–62.4] | 102 | 0.857 |
Females | 48.5 | [39.3–57.8] | 223 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
African | 49.1 | [40.1–58.1] | 203 | 0.678 |
’Coloured’(mixed race) | 53.1 | [38.8–67.0] | 75 | |
White or Indian | 41.6 | [24.4–61.2] | 47 | |
High risk alcohol use | ||||
Low risk | 49.0 | [40.9–57.2] | 287 | 0.996 |
High risk | 48.9 | [24.9–73.4] | 38 | |
Current smoker | ||||
No | 50.8 | [42.9–58.6] | 278 | 0.257 |
Yes | 37.5 | [19.6–59.5] | 47 | |
Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
Underweight/normal weight: < 25 kg/m2 | 46.5 | [31.5–62.1] | 69 | 0.764 |
Overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 45.9 | [32.7–59.7] | 86 | |
Obese: ≥30 kg/m2 | 51.5 | [41.1–61.8] | 170 | |
Enabling factors | ||||
Residence | ||||
Rural | 45.9 | [34.4–57.9] | 105 | 0.525 |
Urban | 51.0 | [41.2–60.7] | 220 | |
Has health insurance | ||||
No | 43.8 | [35.5–52.4] | 268 | 0.003 |
Yes | 72.0 | [55.2–84.3] | 57 | |
Need factors | ||||
Hypertension | ||||
No | 36.6 | [24.5–50.6] | 73 | 0.034 |
Yes | 53.7 | [45.2–62.0] | 252 | |
High cholesterol | ||||
No | 50.9 | [42.3–59.4] | 249 | 0.333 |
Yes | 42.9 | [29.8–57.1] | 76 | |
Cardiovascular disease | ||||
No | 46.9 | [38.8–55.2] | 260 | 0.21 |
Yes | 58.0 | [42.0–72.4] | 65 | |
Accessed health care in past 5 years | ||||
No | 47.2 | [37.1–57.5] | 142 | 0.658 |
Yes | 50.4 | [40.1–60.6] | 183 | |
Clinician-assessed vision loss | ||||
No | 44.8 | [36.0–53.8] | 228 | 0.06 |
Yes | 59.1 | [46.4–70.7] | 97 | |
Self-reported vision problems | ||||
No | 47.4 | [37.2–57.8] | 184 | 0.628 |
Yes | 51.2 | [40.2–62.1] | 141 | |
Diabetic medication use | ||||
No medication | 35.2 | [20.8–53.0] | 53 | 0.056 |
Oral glycaemic medication | 46.6 | [36.2–57.3] | 178 | |
Insulin | 64.3 | [20.7–92.6] | 12 | |
Insulin and oral glycaemic medication | 66.9 | [54.1–77.6] | 82 | |
Years since diabetes diagnosis | ||||
0–5 years | 33.0 | [23.9–43.5] | 148 | < 0.001 |
6–10 years | 68.2 | [50.4–81.9] | 50 | |
11–20 years | 66.0 | [49.3–79.5] | 63 | |
> 20 years | 64.4 | [48.8–77.4] | 64 |