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Table 2 Prevalence of having ever had an eye examination since diabetes diagnosis

From: Eye care utilization among diabetics in the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1): a cross-sectional study

 

Had an eye examination since diabetes diagnosis

%

95% CI

n

p value

Overall

49.0

[41.4–56.6]

325

 

Predisposing factors

 Age

  15–44 years

31.0

[16.3–50.8]

41

0.024

  45–54 years

42.6

[30.4–55.7]

92

 

  55–64 years

59.6

[47.3–70.7]

108

 

  ≥ 65 years

59.6

[45.3–72.4]

84

 

 Sex

  Males

50.0

[37.5–62.4]

102

0.857

  Females

48.5

[39.3–57.8]

223

 

 Ethnicity

  African

49.1

[40.1–58.1]

203

0.678

  ’Coloured’(mixed race)

53.1

[38.8–67.0]

75

 

  White or Indian

41.6

[24.4–61.2]

47

 

 High risk alcohol use

  Low risk

49.0

[40.9–57.2]

287

0.996

  High risk

48.9

[24.9–73.4]

38

 

 Current smoker

  No

50.8

[42.9–58.6]

278

0.257

  Yes

37.5

[19.6–59.5]

47

 

 Body mass index (BMI)

  Underweight/normal weight: < 25 kg/m2

46.5

[31.5–62.1]

69

0.764

  Overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m2

45.9

[32.7–59.7]

86

 

  Obese: ≥30 kg/m2

51.5

[41.1–61.8]

170

 

Enabling factors

 Residence

  Rural

45.9

[34.4–57.9]

105

0.525

  Urban

51.0

[41.2–60.7]

220

 

 Has health insurance

  No

43.8

[35.5–52.4]

268

0.003

  Yes

72.0

[55.2–84.3]

57

 

Need factors

 Hypertension

  No

36.6

[24.5–50.6]

73

0.034

  Yes

53.7

[45.2–62.0]

252

 

 High cholesterol

  No

50.9

[42.3–59.4]

249

0.333

  Yes

42.9

[29.8–57.1]

76

 

 Cardiovascular disease

  No

46.9

[38.8–55.2]

260

0.21

  Yes

58.0

[42.0–72.4]

65

 

 Accessed health care in past 5 years

  No

47.2

[37.1–57.5]

142

0.658

  Yes

50.4

[40.1–60.6]

183

 

 Clinician-assessed vision loss

  No

44.8

[36.0–53.8]

228

0.06

  Yes

59.1

[46.4–70.7]

97

 

 Self-reported vision problems

  No

47.4

[37.2–57.8]

184

0.628

  Yes

51.2

[40.2–62.1]

141

 

 Diabetic medication use

  No medication

35.2

[20.8–53.0]

53

0.056

  Oral glycaemic medication

46.6

[36.2–57.3]

178

 

  Insulin

64.3

[20.7–92.6]

12

 

  Insulin and oral glycaemic medication

66.9

[54.1–77.6]

82

 

 Years since diabetes diagnosis

  0–5 years

33.0

[23.9–43.5]

148

< 0.001

  6–10 years

68.2

[50.4–81.9]

50

 

  11–20 years

66.0

[49.3–79.5]

63

 

  > 20 years

64.4

[48.8–77.4]

64

 
  1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; n, number of participants; ref, reference group