Table 1 Effect of hypocotyl section (proximal or distal), supplements, and growth regulators on the total number of shoots, average shoots per explant, percentage of callus, and percentage of elongated shoots of > 2.5 cm of Plukenetia volubilis hypocotyls after 45 d of cultivation

CuSO₄

TDZ (1 mg/L)

3.04^ab

1.91^bc

68.89^a

72.78^a

46.74^a

29.63^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + 2ip (0.5 mg/L)

3.11^ab

1.73^ab

73.33^a

75.0^a

45.81^a

25.5^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + Zeatin (0.5 mg/L)

4.62^d

2.31^c

72.22^a

74.44^a

51.74^ab

37.96^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + BAP (0.5 mg/L)

3.93^cd

1.53^ab

76.11^a

77.78^a

48.54^a

26.67^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/L)

3.51^bc

1.62^ab

75.56^a

78.33^a

33.19^a

28.52^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + IBA (0.5 mg/L)

3.42^abc

1.47^ab

75^a

75.56^a

41.33^a

26.67^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + NAA (0.5 mg/L)

3.36^abc

1.8^b

76.11^a

79.44^a

40.70^a

27.04^a

Control

2.71^a

1.27 ^a

13.33^b

11.11^b

69.26^b

68.52^b

G + A + A

TDZ (1 mg/L)

3.33^abc

1.76^bc

70^b

73.33^a

41.04^ab

30.37^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + 2ip (0.5 mg/L)

3.29^ab

1.8^bc

73.33^bc

72.33^a

44.56^ab

27.41^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + Zeatin (0.5 mg/L)

5.11^e

2.2^c

73.89^bc

75.0^a

53.34^b

36.67^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + BAP (0.5 mg/L)

4.87^de

1.62^b

76.11^bc

77.78^a

45.69^ab

29.63^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/L)

4.11^cd

1.51^ab

76.07^bc

76.67^a

31.51^a

27.41^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + IBA (0.5 mg/L)

3.71^abc

1.6^b

78.33^bc

76.11^a

45.70^ab

29.63^a

TDZ (1 mg/L) + NAA (0.5 mg/L)

3.93 ^bc

1.73 ^bc

78.89 ^c

80.0^a

38.56 ^ab

28.15 ^a

Control

3.0^a

1.09^a

14.44^a

11.11^b

77.26^c

65.93^b