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Table 1 Program instruments

From: Evaluation of the development process and effects of a foot care program with educational tools for nurses and care workers as in-home service providers

Type of tool

When was it used?

Who used it and for whom?

Contents

Development process

Power point presentation (68 slides)

First session of the intervention

KF presented it to the participants

Overall, 15–20 min. Association of social demographic changes and foot issues, various inconvenient policies and social factors that may affect foot care, foot care regulations by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, health checkups before exercise or measurement, anatomy and physiology, and assessment and care for nails and skin. Vascular- and neurologic-related foot problem and their assessment and care. Toe and foot exercises, various types of foot-associated care, including shoes and socks, infection management, and sedentary behaviors

KF developed this presentation based on item pools and repeated discussions with an illustrator to place appropriate drawing on the slides (all drawing were made on an iPad)

Motion picture materials (10 min)

First session of the intervention

KF provided it to the participants

Selected topics included (1) foot bath, (2) cutting nails using a nail clipper, (3) scaling sole of the foot using a foot file, and (4) taping for reducing pain of ingrown nail

KF planned the contents and allocation time for each topic in the motion pictures. KF contacted a foot care specialist (IY) to be a main performer on the motion pictures and discussed the contents. Then, repeated adjustments were made to the motion pictures to create a more professional appearance

Picture story cards (19 pages)

Former part of the intervention

Participants demonstrated this in front of clients

Story: History of human beings. Human beings on the planet. Human body as a small universe

Life review: Importance of foot exercises. Pictures of foot and toe exercises

KF created the story and asked an illustrator to draw 19 pages of pictures. Illustrations were drawn using an iPad

Foot care booklet (78 pages)

Former part of the intervention

Participants

Contents of this booklet were similar to those in the power point presentation, with some additional information

KF created this booklet based on item pools and repeated discussions with an illustrator to place appropriate drawing in the booklet. KF created a foot care assessment sheet in the booklet

Contents of the foot care booklet were reviewed by experts

Foot care assessment sheet (1 page)

Latter part of the intervention

Participants

 

Based on the scoring system developed in other researcher’s study [49], KF created the foot care assessment sheet in the booklet. KF obtained approval for translation and the use of some portions of his scoring system. (KF keeps records in email exchange with the researcher). Contents of the foot care assessment sheet were reviewed by experts

Foot care advice card (1 point)

Distributed after the third or fourth session of the intervention

Participants

Majority of the content are answers to foot care knowledge and practice questionnaires

KF summarized the essence of foot care including the answers to foot care knowledge and practice questions and then condensed this information into a telephone card-sized sheet that can easily be put in a wallet. KF asked the participants to read it before answering the questionnaires after the intervention and to put it in their purse so they could always review it

Foot care kit (foot and toe nail files)

A foot file was given to a provider. A toe nail file was given to each participant

KF and participants used these for clients

The foot file was used for corns, calluses, or thickness of sole keratin

KF purchased these from a foot care salon in Tokyo, where KF acquired skills for foot care

Bamboo stepping equipment (for sole stretching)

On rent for use during the sessions

KF and participants used this for clients

When a person steps on the bamboo stepping equipment, it stimulates the overall sole, including the bones, muscle, circulation, and nerves, which achieve better body improvement

KF purchased this from a manufacturing company and used it during the intervention