An ecological study of the association between environmental indicators and early childhood caries

Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Tantawi, Maha El; Gaffar, Balgis; Schroth, Robert J.; Catillo, Jorge L.; Al-Batayneh, Ola B.; Kemoli, Arthur; Díaz, Aída Carolina Medina; Pavlic, Verica; Raswhan, Maher; Group, for Early Childhood Caries Advocacy

doi:10.1186/s13104-020-05321-w

BMC Research Notes

Table 2 Association between ECC in 3–5-year-old children and environmental performance indicators controlling for income level

From: An ecological study of the association between environmental indicators and early childhood caries

Indicators	Model 1			Model 2
Indicators	B (95% CI)	P value	ƞ²	B (95% CI)	P value	ƞ²
Environmental health indicators
Household solid fuels	− 0.05 (− 0.32, 0.23)	0.74	0.002
PM2.5 exposure	− 0.02 (− 0.23, 0.19)	0.86	0.001
PM2.5 exceedance	− 0.02 (− 0.26, 0.23)	0.88	< 0.0001
Sanitation	0.01 (− 0.37, 0.39)	0.96	< 0.0001
Drinking water	− 0.14 (− 0.52, 0.24)	0.46	0.01
Lead exposure	− 0.01 (− 0.33, 0.31)	0.95	< 0.0001
Ecosystem vitality indicators
Marine protected areas	− 0.23 (− 0.60, 0.14)	0.22	0.03	− 0.05 (− 0.43, 0.33)	0.8	0.001
National terrestrial biome protection	0.003 (− 0.20, 0.21)	0.98	< 0.0001
Global terrestrial biome protection	− 0.01 (− 0.22, 0.19)	0.9	< 0.0001
Species protection index	− 0.10 (− 0.34, 0.14)	0.42	0.01
Protected area representativeness index	− 0.10 (− 0.33, 0.13)	0.39	0.01
Species habitat index	− 0.28 (− 0.56, 0.006)	0.06	0.06	− 0.15 (− 0.48, 0.19)	0.39	0.02
Tree cover loss	− 0.16 (− 0.42, 0.10)	0.23	0.03	− 0.12 (− 0.41, 0.18)	0.43	0.01
Fish stock status	− 0.06 (− 0.28, 0.16)	0.6	0.005
Regional marine trophic index	0.13 (− 0.07, 0.33)	0.2	0.03	0.09 (− 0.11, 0.29)	0.39	0.02
Total CO₂ emission intensity	− 0.22 (− 0.52, − 0.09)	0.16	0.03	− 0.07 (− 0.42, 0.28)	0.7	0.003
CO₂ Emission intensity – power	− 0.10 (− 0.35, 0.15)	0.41	0.01
Methane emission intensity	− 0.20 (− 0.47, 0.08)	0.15	0.04	− 0.34 (− 0.66, − 0.03)	0.03	0.09
N₂O emission intensity	0.24 (− 0.03, 0.51)	0.07	0.06	0.35 (0.04, 0.67)	0.03	0.09
Black carbon emission Iiintensity	− 0.06 (− 0.34, 0.21)	0.64	0.004
SO₂ emission intensity	− 0.15 (− 0.36, 0.07)	0.18	0.03	− 0.04 (− 0.29, 0.20)	0.71	0.003
NOX emission intensity	− 0.04 (− 0.26, 0.18)	0.72	0.002
Wastewater treatment	− 0.005 (− 0.25, 0.24)	0.97	< 0.0001
Sustainable nitrogen management index	− 0.09 (− 0.42, 0.24)	0.6	0.005

Model 1: including individual environmental performance indicators, one at a time, adjusted for income level; Model 2: including all environmental performance indicators, adjusted for income level; B: regression estimate, CI: confidence interval, ƞ² = partial eta squared

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ISSN: 1756-0500

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