Fig. 1

Comparative analyses of the composition of the bio-corona (nanoconjugates, NC) and the total methanolic extract (TE) of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi; Os) leaves. a Volcano plot of metabolites with an identity (ID) score of ≥ 0.5. Fold change (FC) of 2 is marked with a green dotted line and p-value of 0.1 is marked with a red dotted line. b The heatmap was constructed from the average normalized intensity values of significant metabolites identified in (a) with FC > 2, p > 0.1, and an ID score ≥ 0.9. Hierarchical clustering analysis was done using the Manhattan clustering distance and ward.D2 clustering method. The color intensity scale is positioned below the heatmap. Different chemical classes are labeled with different colors in the legend positioned on the left-hand side. Fatty acid derivatives (FAD) are marked in yellow on the right-hand sidebar, phenylpropanoids (PPP) in purple, peptides (Pep) in blue and compounds that belong to other chemical classes in gray