A preliminary study of schema therapy for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a single-arm, uncontrolled trial

Table 2 Changes in each evaluated item before ST, after ST, and at follow-up

Variable	Pre-ST	Post-ST	Follow-up	F	Cohen's d
Variable	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	F	Pre-ST vs. post-ST	Post-ST vs. follow-up	Pre-ST vs. follow-up
GAF	45.90 (10.82)	76.00 (7.06)^a	76.20 (6.83)^c	F (1.3, 11.67) = 151.65**	3.30	0.03	3.35
QOL	65.20 (16.03)	75.70 (14.28) ^a	78.50 (12.77)	F (1.21, 10.87) = 9.93**	0.69	0.21	0.92
BDI-II	27.70 (17.54)	16.70 (13.94)	13.00 (11.76)	F (1.16, 10.4) = 9.64**	0.70	0.29	0.99
STAI (state)	45.20 (9.47)	49.70 (8.21)	41.50 (6.92)^b	F (2, 18) = 3.93*	0.51	1.08	0.45
STAI (trait)	55.80 (14.16)	53.00 (10.53)	47.50 (8.82)	F (2, 18) = 3.56*	0.23	0.57	0.70
OCI	67.70 (30.94)	59.40 (27.39)	49.70 (23.15)	F (1.17, 10.49) = 3.98	0.29	0.38	0.66
LSAS_Total	62.70 (22.60)	62.80 (27.53)	50.70 (18.64)	F (1.2, 10.81) = 2.71	0.00	0.52	0.58
LSAS_fear/anxiety	35.90 (13.54)	35.40 (15.18)	27.20 (9.32)	F (2, 18) = 5.22*	0.04	0.65	0.75
LSAS_escape	26.80 (13.23)	27.40 (13.70)	23.50 (11.21)	F (1.27, 11.46) = 0.59	0.05	0.31	0.27

BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; LSAS (Total score), Total items from the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; LSAS (Fear/Anxiety), Fear and anxiety items from the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; LSAS (Avoidance), Avoidance items from the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; STAI (State), State items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI (Trait), Trait items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; OCI, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 calculated using analysis of variance
^aSignificant difference between pre- and post-intervention values (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected)
^bSignificant difference between post-intervention and follow-up values
^cSignificant difference between pre-intervention and follow-up values (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected)

ISSN: 1756-0500