Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of 20 PLWH with normoglycemia and 19 PLWH with prediabetes

Demographic and anthropometric parameters

Age (years)

51.8 ± 6.6

51.2 ± 5.5

0.767

Male gender, number (%)

13(65)

12(63.2)

1.00

Family history of diabetes, number (%)

4(20)

9(47.4)

0.096

History of smoking, number (%)

10(50)

6(31.6)

0.333

History of alcohol drinking, number (%)

16(80)

11(57.9)

0.176

Underlying diseases, number (%)

 Dyslipidemia

9(45)

7(36.8

0.748

 Hypertension

4(20)

3(15.8)

1.00

 NAFLD

0

1(5.3)

0.487

 Cancer

0

0

NA

 Others^a

0

0

NA

BW (kg)

62.7 ± 12.8

63.2 ± 12.5

0.912

BMI (kg/m²)

23.1 ± 4.6

24.1 ± 4.1

0.500

SBP (mmHg)

130.5 ± 15.5

130.1 ± 14.7

0.935

DBP (mmHg)

81.3 ± 8.1

82.1 ± 10.9

0.781

WC (cm)

84.8 ± 10.8

85.3 ± 11

0.901

Neck circumference (cm)

35 ± 3.1

35.0 ± 4.0

0.947

HIV-related parameters

Duration of HIV infection (years)

15.2 ± 6.1

14.5 ± 5.5

0.729

Type of ART regimen, number (%)

 NNRTI-based

 PI-based

 Others

13(65)

7(35)

0

13(68.4)

6(31.6)

0

1.00

1.00

NA

Duration of ART (years)

11.5 ± 6.1

11.9 ± 5.3

0.843

CD4 cell counts (cells/mm³)

559.8 ± 264

455.7 ± 190.7

0.169

Metabolic and other biochemical parameters

FPG (mg/dL)

91.8 ± 7.9

99.1 ± 14.9

0.002

2 h-PG (mg/dL)

113.5 ± 40

153.6 ± 46.9

0.007

HbA1c (%)

5.32 ± 0.21

5.99 ± 0.23

 < 0.001

Matsuda Index

3.29(1.73–5.41)

2.44(1.53–3.44)

0.160^b

HOMA-IR

2.51(1.19–3.04)

3.66(1.74–6.02)

0.044^b

Insulinogenic Index

0.79(0.11–1.52)

0.84(0.34–1.51)

0.901^b

Disposition Index

2.65(0.29–5.32)

1.70(0.84–3.66)

0.550^b

Alanine transaminase (U/L)

36.6 ± 18.5

38.8 ± 21.5

0.729

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

219 ± 42

204.3 ± 37

0.255

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

51.2 ± 11.6

46.8 ± 11.3

0.248

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

141.3 ± 36

130.6 ± 34.2

0.350

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

146.1 ± 90.8

166 ± 122.2

0.566

Sleep parameters

PSQI

5(3–7)

4(3–7)

0.607^b

Sleep efficiency (%)

81.9(78.2–85.9)

84.0(77.6–87.8)

0.627^b

Sleep duration (min)

338.5(316.3–367.5)

354.6(332.8–388.9)

0.283^b

SD sleep duration (min)

52.9(33.9–72.6)

51.3(34.9–76.0)

0.708^b

SD MST^c

0:42 ± 0:30

0:30 ± 0:18

0.123