Fig. 3

Comparison of the winged and wingless groups. a Differentially expressed transcripts are plotted based on the logarithm-transformed TPM (log TPM) values on the graph. The X-axis shows the wingless group, and the Y-axis shows the winged group. The gray-colored dots indicate transcripts with more than 2-fold differential expression in the comparison of the winged and wingless stick insects. The blue dots indicate significantly differentially expressed transcripts related to carbohydrate metabolic processes identified from the comparison of the winged and wingless groups. b Enolase and ENOSF1 mRNA expression in S. sipylus (flight-winged stick insect). c Enolase and ENOSF1 mRNA expression in E. okinawaensis (flightless-wingless stick insect). The relative mRNA expression levels in the fat body and midgut are presented as relative quantification (RQ) values. The RQ values show the relative expression levels calculated based on an expression value in the fat body equal to 1. The error bars represent the relative minimum/maximum expression levels of the mean RQ values. Rp49 was used as the endogenous control. Triplicate technical replicates were included in the study. eno enolase, sf1 ENOSF1, fb fat body, mg midgut